大学生性别情绪刻板印象的内隐和外显研究

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.06.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了了解不同性别大学生的性别情绪刻板印象,并分析内隐和外显测验的关系,对280名大学生进行了外显连线测试,对87名大学生进行了内隐联想测验。结果发现:在内隐和外显测验中,男女大学生均存在性别情绪刻板印象,将男性名字更多地与愤怒词相联系,将女性名字更多地与高兴词相联系;男女大学生的性别情绪刻板印象程度存在极其显著的差异,女生更明显地表现出"男性更容易愤怒、女性更容易高兴"的偏见;被试的内隐和外显性别情绪刻板印象相关不显著,是两个不同的建构。

关键词: 大学生, 性别情绪刻板印象, 内隐联想测验, 外显测验

Abstract: In order to measure students' gender-emotional stereotypes and analyze the relationship between implicit and explicit test, 280 undergraduates participated in explicit connection task and 87 undergraduates participated in implicit association test. The results showed that:in both implicit and explicit tests, male and female college students both have gender-emotional stereotypes and the male's names were linked much more with angry words, female's names were associated much more with happy words; The differences between the degrees of male and female college students' gender-emotional stereotypes were extremely significant, the female show more obviously bias that "male are more likely to be angry, female are more likely to be happy"; There was no significant correlation between explicit and implicit gender-emotional stereotypes, they belong to two different constructions.

Key words: undergraduates, gender-emotional stereotypes, Implicit Association Test, Explicit Test

中图分类号:

B844

张娟, 程刚, 王智, 张大均. 大学生性别情绪刻板印象的内隐和外显研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2015, 31(6): 668-675.

ZHANG Juan, CHENG Gang, WANG Zhi, ZHANG Dajun. Research on Implicit and Explicit Gender-Emotional Stereotypes of Undergraduates[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2015, 31(6): 668-675.

参考文献

Amodio, D. M.(2014). The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,15(10), 670-682.
Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G.(2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,12(6), 1043-1047.
Back, M.D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B.(2005). Measuring task-switching ability in the implicit association test. Experimental Psychology,52(3), 167-179.
Becker, S. W., & Eagly, A. H.(2004). The heroism of women and men. American Psychologist,59(3), 163-178.
Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Blackwell, K. C., & Smith, D. M.(2007). The confounded nature of angry men and happy women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(2), 179-190.
Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K.(2007). The cross-category effect mere social categorization is sufficient to elicit an own-group bias in face recognition.Psychological Science,18(8), 706-712.
Brechet, C.(2013). Children's gender stereotypes through drawings of emotional faces:do boys draw angrier faces than girls? Sex Roles,68(5-6), 378-389.
Brescoll, V. L., & Uhlmann, E. L.(2008). Can an angry woman get ahead? status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace. Psychological Science,19(3), 268-275.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A.(2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland(Eds.), Handbook of Emotions. New York:Guilford Press, 338-349.
Brown, E., & Perrett, D. I.(1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception,22(7), 829-840.
Carlsson, R., & Bj rklund, F.(2010). Implicit stereotype content:mixed stereotypes can be measured with the implicit association test. Social Psychology,41(4), 213-222.
Contreras, J. M., Banaji, M. R., & Mitchell, J. P.(2012). Dissociable neural correlates of stereotypes and other forms of semantic knowledge. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.7(7), 764-770.
Dunham, Y., Chen, E. E., & Banaji, M. R.(2013). Two signatures of implicit intergroup attitudes:developmental invariance and early enculturation. Psychological Science,24(6), 860-868.
Durik, A. M., Hyde, J. S., Marks, A. C., Roy, A. L., Anaya, D., & Schultz, G.(2006). Ethnicity and gender stereotypes of emotion. Sex Roles,54(7-8), 429-445.
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B.(2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities:A current appraisal. In Trautner, H. M., & Eckes, T.(Eds.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 123-174.
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W.(2011). Social role theory. A biosocial analysis of sex differences and similarities. In Lange, P. A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T.(Eds.), Handbook of theories in social psychology. London:Sage. 485-476.
Ebert, I. D., Steffens, M. C., & Kroth, A.(2014). Warm, but maybe not so competent?-Contemporary implicit stereotypes of women and men in Germany. Sex roles,70(9-10), 359-375.
Geary, D. C.(2009). Male and female:The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association, 2nd Revised edition, 442-448.
German Federal Office of Statistics(2012). Frauen in Führungs positionen[Women in leading positions]. Retrievedfrom http://www.destatis.de/DE/Zahlen_Fakten/Indikatoren/Qualitaet_Arbeit/Dimension1/1_4_Frauen_Fuehrungs_positionen.html.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.(2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test:An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(2), 197-216.
Hack, T.(2014). Forming impressions:Effects of facial expression and gender stereotypes. Psychological Reports,114(2), 557-571.
Hess, U., Adams Jr, R., & Kleck, R.(2005). Who may frown and who should smile? Dominance, affiliation, and the display of happiness and anger. Cognition & Emotion,19(4), 515-536.
Hess, U., Adams Jr, R. B., & Kleck, R. E.(2007). When two do the same, It might not mean the same. Social Psychology,88, 517-530.
Hess, U., Adams, R. B., Grammer, K., & Kleck, R. E.(2009). Face gender and emotion expression:Are angry women more like men? Journal of Vision,9(12), 1-8.
Hourihan, K. L., Fraundorf, S. H., & Benjamin, A. S.(2013). Same faces, different labels:Generating the cross-race effect in face memory with social category information. Memory & Cognition,41(7), 1021-1031.
Hugenberg, K., & Sczesny, S.(2006). On wonderful women and seeing smiles:Social categorization moderates the happy face response latency advantage. Social Cognition,24(5), 516-539.
Inzlicht, M., & Schmader, T.(Eds.).(2012). Stereotype threat:Theory, process, and application. New York:Oxford University Press, 264-279.
Johnson, K. L., Freeman, J. B., & Pauker, K.(2012). Race is gendered:How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(1), 116-131.
Karnadewi, F., & Lipp, O. V.(2011). The processing of invariant and variant face cues in the garner paradigm. Emotion,11(3), 563-571.
Lachance-Grzela, M., & Bouchard, G.(2010). Why do women do the lion's share of housework? A decade of research. Sex Roles,63(11-12), 767-780.
MacNaughton, Glenda.(2000). Rethinking gender in early childhood education. Australia:Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, 201-205.
Marsh, A. A., Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E.(2005). Why do fear and anger look the way they do? Form and social function in facial expressions. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin,31(1), 73-86.
Mehu, M., Little, A. C., & Dunbar, R. I.(2008). Sex differences in the effect of smiling on social judgments:An evolutionary approach. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology,2(3), 103-121.
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.(2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces:A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law,7(1), 3-35.
Neel, R., Becker, D. V., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T.(2012). Who expressed what emotion? Men grab anger, women grab happiness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(2), 583-586.
Perfect, T. J., & Harris, L. J.(2003). Adult age differences in unconscious transference:Source confusion or identity blending? Memory & Cognition,31(4), 570-580.
Pixton, T. S.(2011). Happy to see me, aren't you, Sally? Signal detection analysis of emotion detection in briefly presented male and female faces. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52(4), 361-368.
Plant, E. A., Hyde, J. S., Keltner, D., & Devine, P. G.(2000). The gender stereotyping of emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly,24(1), 81-92.
Plant, E. A., Kling, K. C., & Smith, G. L.(2004). The influence of gender and social role on the interpretation of facial expressions. Sex Roles,51(3-4), 187-196.
Platow, M. J., Haslam, S. A., Both, A., Chew, I., Cuddon, M., Goharpey, N. et al.(2005). "It's not funny if they're laughing":Self-categorization, social influence, and responses to canned laughter. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41(5), 542-550.
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E.(2004). Sustaining cultural beliefs in the face of their violation:The case of gender stereotypes. The psychological foundations of culture, Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 259-280.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L.(2002). Belief and feeling:Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin,128(6), 934-960.
Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Barnes, J., & David, A. S.(1999). An investigation into the perception of dominance from schematic faces:A study using the World-Wide Web.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers,31(2), 341-346.
Stangor, C.(2000). Stereotypes and Prejudice:Essential Readings. Psychology Press Ltd, 49-63.
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C.(1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, (2), 149-178.
Viki, G. T., Winchester, L., Titshall, L., Chisango, T., Pina, A., & Russell, R.(2006). Beyond secondary emotions:The infrahumanization of outgroups using human-related and animal-related words. Social Cognition,24(6), 753-775.
Weber, H., & Wiedig-Allison, M.(2007). Sex differences in anger-related behaviour:comparing expectancies to actual behaviour. Cognition & Emotion,21(8), 1669-1698.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y.(2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review,107(1), 101-126.
Xiao, W. S., Fu, G., Quinn, P. C., Qin, J., Tanaka, J. W., Pascalis, O. et al.(2015). Individuation training with other-race faces reduces preschoolers' implicit racial bias:a link between perceptual and social representation of faces in children. Developmental Science.18(4),655-663.
Young, S. G., Hugenberg, K., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F.(2012). Perception and motivation in face recognition a critical review of theories of the cross-race effect.Personality and Social Psychology Review,16(2), 116-142.
张艳红, 佐斌.(2011). 性别情绪刻板印象的内隐测量.长江大学学报(社会科学版).34(7), 90-92.

相关文章 15

[1]	郭嘉程, 董柔纯, 许放, 徐旋, 牛更枫, 周宗奎. 社会临场感与大学生网络过激行为的关系：双自我意识的并行中介及性别的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(2): 176-186.
[2]	樊香麟, 崔英锦. 客体化身体意识与女大学生限制性饮食行为的关系：外貌负面评价恐惧和社会文化压力的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 122-131.
[3]	张慧如, 张伟达, 傅王倩, 邓敏, 彭苏浩, 李玉. 孤独感对创造性倾向的影响：无聊倾向和焦虑情绪的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 132-141.
[4]	何安明, 张钰睿, 惠秋平. 大学生感恩与社会幸福感的关系:手机冷落行为的中介作用和负性生活事件的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(4): 505-512.
[5]	杜秀芳, 武玉玺, 徐政, 袁晓倩, 陈功香. 金钱启动与道德认同对大学生道德伪善的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(3): 342-349.
[6]	喻昊雪, 李卉, 王福兴. 大学生公正世界信念与学业倦怠的关系:应对方式与无聊倾向的链式中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(3): 391-401.
[7]	曾子豪, 彭丽仪, 詹林, 刘双金, 欧阳晓优, 丁道群, 黎志华, 胡义秋, 方晓义. 儿童期受虐对大学生抑郁症状的影响:主观幸福感的中介和基因的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(2): 276-285.
[8]	曹瑞琳, 梅松丽, 梁磊磊, 李传恩, 张莹. 感恩与大学生网络成瘾的关系:核心自我评价和生命意义感的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(2): 286-294.
[9]	陈子循, 李金文, 王雨萌, 刘霞. 累积环境风险与大学生自伤的关系:情绪调节策略的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(1): 109-120.
[10]	郑爽, 刘红瑞, 李静, 席雨, 姚梅林. 主动性人格与大学生创业准备行为的关系:创业意向的中介效应与创业社会支持的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(6): 813-821.
[11]	王浩, 俞国良. 大学生依恋焦虑与抑郁的关系:恋爱中关系攻击和关系质量的序列中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(6): 879-885.
[12]	朱黎君, 杨强, 叶宝娟, 陈智楠, 张丽. 自然联结对大学生抑郁的影响:有调节的中介模型[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(6): 886-893.
[13]	张宝生, 李鑫, 李新野, 张庆普. 主观规范对大学生志愿者志愿工作投入的影响机制研究——一个链式双重中介模型[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(5): 658-666.
[14]	李松, 陈旭, 冉光明, 张琪. 被动性社交网站使用与社交焦虑：反刍思维和自我建构的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(5): 720-728.
[15]	蔺姝玮, 孙炳海, 黄嘉昕, 肖威龙, 李伟健. 共情对广义互惠的影响：自我-他人重叠的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(4): 475-484.

多维度评价

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed