This study investigated the infants' capacity to use trait as media for making inferences about mental state.The findings showed that for them trait can serve as a basis for making mental inferences: infants' familiarity with trait was remarkably promoted with age, so did their ability to make inferences, however, there is lack of sufficient evidence that they fully understood the mental trait.

In this study, 92 children from age 3 to age 5 were selected to explore the causal relationships among children.s social inhibition, types of parents' authority and altruism by lab experiments, video analysis and questionnaires.The results show that: Both Chidren's social inhibition and the styles of parenting have important influence on the altruism under the context of strange situation.And there is interaction on the altruism between children's social inhibition and types of parents' authority.

The persent study investigated how subjects of three different ages use covariation information and pre-existing belifs in causal reasoning.The results were as follows: (1) The effect of covariation information is much bigger when subjects have no pre-existing beliefs about the problem.(2) Older subjects emhpasis covariation information more than younger subjects in their causal reasoning.(3) The effect of ΔP is not linear.Subjects change their judgements when it increases uo to some thresholds.

720 7^th to 12^th grade students from one ordinary middle school in Beijing and one key middle school in Jinan were selected to explore parent-adolescent communication and its relationship with adolescents' social adjustment.Subjects were asked to report parent-adolescent communication,school achievement,self-esteem,depression,shyness,and problem-behaviors.The results show:(1) socio-orientation communication were significant more than concept-orientation communication;Socio-orientation communication and concept-orientation communication of high school students were significant more than ones of middle school students;(2) the percentage of protective communication is the highest,the next is Pluralistic communication,and the percentages of Lassez-faire communication and consensual communication are the least;(3) the same kind of parent-adolescent communication has positive effects on adolescents' social adjustments,also has negative effects on adolescents'social a山ustments.

Using a questionnaire,the study surveyed academic adaptation of 2816 middle school students of five middle school of Guangdong province.The results showed that(1) In the section of test of learning expectation and willpower,the detectable rate of the bad academic adaptation was higher than national theoretical rate;(2) There were significant sex differences among learning motivation,learning method,school environment,family environment and learning expectation:(3) In the section of test of learning expectation,school environment,willpower,the detectable rate of the poor academic adaptation of senior middle school students was significantly higher than that of junior middle school students;(4) The scores of every test of the second-school were higher than those of the firstschool and the third-school,and the detectable rate of which was lower than the others.

The associate tests were used to explore the year 11 students' cognitive structure after they study content "metabolism".In this study,the correlation coefficient was used to map cognitive structure of the students.The resups show that:(1) concept-mapping tactic,used as the teaching and learning,can change students' cognitivestructure effectively.(2) In the experimental class,the students'cognitive structure is better and logical than that ofthe control class.

This research surveyed 287 University student by their personality and surfing Interact.To study the correlation between frequency of surfing Interact and personality as well as the correlation between Intemet preference and personality.The results of this research revealed that (1) there exist significant differences between the student of high frequency on Interact and the ones of low frequency in personality.(2) there exist significant differences between the Interact preference and personality.(3) Stability had greater contribution to the preference contents of information and technique,otherwise dare snd illution had contribution to the preference contents of excitement.

The research aimed to explore the construction of colleagues'ratings of teacher performance.They advance a theorist construction of teacher performance thn}ugh literature review,open-ended survey,critical incident interview and theoretical analysis.Then they test the construction of colleague appraisal results by confirmative factor analysis.They find that teacher performance includes six dimensions:professional ethics,job conscientiousness, assisting and cooperation,teaching efficiency,teaching value and teacherstudent interaction.The first three dimensions constitute contextual performance,and the others constitute task performance.Ontextual performance has high relation with task performance.

361 subjects with different academic or practical experience were investigated on beliefs about knowledge and learning.The results showed that people with different experience held different beliefs in four dimensions such as control over one's own learning, speed of learning, organization of knowledge and stability of knowledge.

Four experiments were conducted using a line-by-line reading paradigm to examine the role of sentence boundaries.In Experiment 1,readers were delayed in noticing a contradiction on a target line when the sentence continued onto a post-target line.Consistent with this,in Experiment 2,target line was an intact sentence.The result of a recognition probe demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the consistent version and inconsistent version.The participants noticed the contradiction as soon as they completed reading the target line.From Experiment 1 and Experiment 2,it could be concluded that sentence boundary play an important role in reading.They may be a signal which lets the readers integrate the current sentence before they read the following sentence.The goal of Experiment 3 was to investigate whether it was necessary in discourse comprehension.The result of Experiment 3 demonstrated that sentence boundary was sufficient to facilitate the integration of related background information but not necessary.Now that the period can affect the discourse comprehension,what about the semicoto n?In Experiment 4,the result showed that the semicolon made no difference in integration of current sentence.In a word,period is an influential factor to reading but semicolon not.

A pilot investigation on error management of 110 students in a high school in Inner Mongolia had been administrated with a questionnaire about error management of high school students made according to the findings of group interviews.The results showed that 1)these students recognized the importance of errors made in problem solving,and held active attitude to them,but they lacked clear awareness and systematic strategies of managing them;2) the excellent students were significant high in the attitudes and beliefs of error management than the ordinary students;(3) there were no significant difference between the excellent students and the ordinary students in the behaviors and strategies of error management;the former was significant high than the later in some behaviors of error management,however,the later was significant high than the former in a specific strategy of error management.

The authors used several methods such as work-analysis,investigation,structural interview in the primary teacher groups selected with random sample method.The results showed that: (1) within the six abilities the abilities of instructional media selection,instructional objectives compiling and students analysis were lower than abilities of instructional method selected and using,instructional task analysis and assessing of learning outcomes; (2) school type,teachers' education and teaching experience were the main influential factors that affect the abilities of class instructional design.

Investigated 1247 elementary school students with Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and the Mental Competence Inventory,this study explored the relationship between students' mental quality and their academic achievement.The results of variance analysis (ANOVA) and Cluster analysis showed:(1)the mental quality of top academic achievement group is the best,and the middle academic achievement getup is better than that of bottom academic achievement group.(2) students' mental quality varies in different grades and in different academic achievement groups.(3) most of the students of top academic achievement getup are the ones that have the best mental quality,and the students of middle and bottom academic achievement groups are in the bad mental quality level.

To investigate the depression and alienation state of college students, and the influencing factors, 1900 college students from 19 colleges and universities in Jiangsu province were surveyed by questionnaires.One-Way ANO-VA was applied on the scores of CES-D scale, Alienation scale and possible family influencing factors of mental health.It is resulted that approximately 14.7% college students got a score over 20 in CES-D scale, 3.3% students got a score under 30 in Alienation scale.The factors of single child, hometown, family monthly income, the familial bond, family communication, family confliction, parents.education, occupation and their expressiveness, all influence college students.depression and alienation state in different extent.It is concluded that the impact of family factors still exists in college students.mental health.

The research has brought forward one theory about coping style.The Coping Style Questionnaire newly developed according to the theory can divide individuals into four coping styles,including flexible coping style,problem coping style,emotion coping style and abnormal coping style.The preliminary research indicates that the questionmire has good reliability and validity.1115 subjects have been surveyed using the questionnaire.The results showed 160 subjects of flexible coping style,420 subjects of problem coping style,394 subjects of emotion coping style and 141 abnormal coping style.The development of the questionnaire offers one valid tool for our stress and coping research in the future.

Recent years, Sandplay study has made big progress in counseling practice and empirical study, but right now the focus of Sandplay area is to combine the above aspects, then make them supplement each other, in order to prompt the Sandplay into the mainstream of counseling and therapy.

This study used 76 students as subject to investigate the features of creativity in the Reading Disabled Students and objectivity of the teachers'assessments on creativity by means of questionnaires.The result indicated that (1) There were no significant differences on general creativity between the Reading Disabled and the normal students,but the Reading Disabled students better than the normal students on the dimensions of originality and abstraction.(2) For the Reading Disabled students,there were significant differences on fluency,meticulousness and general creativity between boys and girls,and there were significant differences on general creativity between the two grades used.Also it was found that there were significant interactions between gender and grade.(3) Different teachers'assessments for the normal students were remarkably significant than the assessments for the Reading Disabled Students.There were negative correlations between the general creativity and the assessments of different teachers',but teachers'assessments on the creativity were objective for the normal students.

According to a multiple assessment,30 dyslexic and normal children from 3 grade served as subjects in this research,all of them came from 760 children of 3 grade.This research investigate the different visual and auditory cognitive process between normal and abnormal children,comparing their memory ability,visional discrimination,long term memory in character form and phonological short term memory in Chinese character.The results indicated that development dyslexia's key deficit is about phonological cognition; they incline to use the visual processing to make up for the phonological deficit.

150 children aged 3-5 years participated in the research.An interview was conducted to investigate the age characters,developmental trend and sex differences.The Results indicated:(1) There was a significant change of emotion understanding between three-four year old.Children's understanding of positive emotion was superior to understanding of negative emotion.Girls performed better than boys on affective perspective-taking task.(2) The mostly used emotion regulation strategy was instructive strategy,next was the avoiding strategy and emotion venting strategy,the last one was the destroyed strategy.(3) The ability of affective perspective-taking predicted the development of emotion regulation.

Behavioral representations of 119 7-year-old children (42boys,77girls) in 3 helping situations (looking for the key; help experimenter carry table; comfort experimenter for injured feet) were observed.And its relations to parenting styles were also examined.Results indicate that helping behaviors of 7-year-old children in 3 situations have not significant sex differences.Playing behaviors of boys in the 2^nd and 3^rd situation were significantly more than those of girls,while,watching behaviors were less than those of girls.The relationship between behavioral repre-sentations of children and same-sex parent's rearing practices was stronger than its relationship with the opposite-sex parent's rearing practices.

We integrated the psychological-testing method and cross-section method into this study.In order to explore the developmental characteristics of 13 kinds of thinking styles (such as Legislative Style,Executive Style and Judicial Style) among high-school students,we administrated the Sternberg-Wagner thinking style scale to 826 high-school students.The findings are as follows:(1) in the process of problem-solving,the junior high-school students's levels of Executive,Judicial,Hierarchic,Oligarchic,External and Liberal styles are dramatically higher than those of senior high school students; but the junior high-school student's levels of Global style is dramatically lower than those of senior high school students.(2) the male student's levels of Internal style is dramatically higher than those of female's,but the male student's levels of Hierarchic and Oligarchic styles are dramatically lower than those of female's.

This study explored the relationship of time perspective,coping styles and internet use of adolescents,by surveying a sample of 589 aged from 14 to 17 (M=15.07,SD=1.37) through questionnaires.The results showed that pathological internet use (PIU) of adolescents could be predicted by time perspective and their coping styles.Also,the study found that PIU was a new kind of mental problem similar to substance abuse,but different time orientation individual from time perspective may not be immune from PIU at all.But there could be more probability for Present orientation individual to involve PIU than Future orientation individual.The findings also indicated that the increase of problem solving,or the reducation of fantasy and abreaction in coping styles'use can render adolescent benefit from the Internet use.

Three experiment of this research article verify the influence of emotion on reasoning to different intelligence students whose age is 13.The results show some important conclusion:1.In the simple and middle difficult reasoning task,the happiness and sadness on both the upper rate intelligence and middle rate intelligence subjects much more obvious influence than that on middle-low rate intelligence subjects.In higher difficult reasoning task,upper rate intelligence subjects were disturbed at the most.2.Upper rate intelligence subjects the interaction between intensity emotion and efficiency of reasoning is in accord with Yerkes-Doson law,middle rate intelligence and middle-low rate intelligence subjects is not the in accord with it.

40 training students and general students have been tested by Implicit Association Test to study their different liability judgment.The results indicate:the respond time of training students in recognizing aggressive words and relevant phrases about "liability lies on others" is shorter than that of general students; training students respond quicker on phrases about "liability lies on others" than on those phrases about "liability lies on myself",while the situation is the opposite when it comes to general stuents;training students'combined respond time on "liability lies on others-attack,liability lies on myself-not attack" is shorter than that of general students.Such differences on respond time reflect that there exists implicit association on aggressive attribution and aggressive belief in training students.

297 undergraduates from two universities in Hunan province were selected to investigate factors related to friend selection,and then 1166 undergraduates from one university in Hunan province were selected to investigate the relationship between friend selection standards and friendship relationship.The results showed:(1) There were three kinds of friend selection standard:perfectionist,mid-level standard and low-level standards; (2) Gender,major and grade's main effects on friend selection standard were significant; (3) Friend selection standards had significant effects on numbers of friend and friendship relationship.

The article discusses the relation between self-identity status and personality.By correlative analysis,the different self-identity statuses are associated with different personality characteristics.There are some differences in each personality dimension for the four self-identity statuses,which different self-identity statuses present different personality characteristics,especially for advanced and lower self-identity status,the difference of personality characteristics is more large.The study further indicates self-identity formation become central theme of the college student development and marks the improvement in personality of college student.

The relationships between professional stress,teaching efficacy and burnout among the school teachers were investigated by canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that:(1) professional stress would cause emotional exhaustion and depersonalization among the teachers concerned; (2) the lower teaching efficacy was,the more serious the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization was; (3) the teaching efficacy had adjustment function between the professional stress and the burnout,higher teaching efficacy could change the effect of the professional stress,and decrease the emotional exhaustion and the depersonalization level.

Self-made teaching materials about thinking strategic training and metacognitive controlling booklets were adopted to train the second grade junior middle school student on the thinking strategies and metacognitive controlling in solving mathematical application problem.The results showed that the thinking strategies and metacognitive controlling training could improve the students'ability in solving specific subject problem.

Effective and accurate assessment of children's aggression determines directly level and quality of the research in the area.Therefore,the study and evaluation of methods for assessing children's aggression constitutes one of the most fundamental tasks for the research in this area.In the present study,a panel of measures including natural observation,mother assessment,teacher assessment and peer nomination were employed in a sample of 177 3-4 years old children from three urban kindergartens.The reliabilities and validities of each method were evaluated for each measure with the traditional statistics and structural equation model (SEM).The main findings of the present study were as follows:1.Natural observation,mother assessment,teacher assess and peer nomination each had comparatively high reliability and criterion validity.But they have respective strongpoint and shortcoming,used to different research objects.2.The theoretical multiple-method model using four measures was very well fitted to the data.Using multiple methods can give more accurate and effective assessment of children's aggressive behaviors.

The purpose of the study was to compare the psychometric properties between two popular measures for psychological well-being:Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and Bradburn's Positive Affect Scale (PAS) and Negative Affect Scale (NAS).The sample consisted of 1142 college students from first year to third year at three universities in Beijing.The study consisted of two different studies.Study one included 354 participants,and study two included 788 participants.Results of both studies indicated that the psychometric properties of Self-esteem Scale were better than those of PAS &NAS.Thus,the study suggested that Self-esteem Scale as a measure for psychological well-being was more appropriate than PAS & NAS.

Inhibition of return(IOR)refers to a stable psychological phenomenon with delayed responses to the targets presented in the recently cued locations.By ignoring the previously attended locations or objects,human beings are able to pay more attention to novel stimuli,which enables limited attention resource to be used effectively.With such a biological meaning,it is reasonable to expect IOR appear at multiple cued locations.In the current research, IOR following simultaneous presentation of several location cues are studies in 8-year-old and 10-year-old children in both detection and discrimination tasks.These data suggest that in detection task both the children at the age of 8 and 10 show IOR at up to 5 cued locations,while the younger group do not perform as stably as the older one.In discrimination task,10-year-old children show IOR at only one location,and no IOR can be see in 8-year-old children.Two experimental tasks do different work on this inhibition effect.

Using teacher rating and stop-signal paradigm,the present study examined motor development,motor inhibition and their relationships in 4-6 year-old children.The results showed that motor under static and moving condition developed rapidly in children of 4-6 years old.Motor inhibition ability was low but developed with age.Motor inhibition correlated significantly with general motor ability.The significance of motor development and the mechanism of motor inhibition was discussed.

The present study investigated the effect of family play types on mother-toddler communication by using videotaped observation.Results showed that mothers were more dominating and the children employed more expressions and attention during the interaction.Mothers employed more information demands than action direction in free play,by contraries,mothers employed more action directions than information demands in task play.In conclusion, mothers modified their speech acts according to the play types,accordingly infants adapted to these situations.

The present study investigated the relationship between teacher-expectancy,self-worth and goal orientation.274 eighth graders of a middle school responded to questionnaires.The following results were obtained:(1) The demographic variables(gender and class type)had influence on teacher-expectancy,self-worth and goal orientation.(2)There were significantly positive correlations between variances of teacher-expectancy,self-worth and goal orientation:positive effect was positively related with every dimension of self-worth and goal orientation,and negative effect was negatively related with every dimension of self-worth and goal orientation.(3)After controlling the demographic variables,teacher expectancy and self-worth still played significantly predictive roles on goal orientation.(4)self-worth played a meditative role in the relevance between teacher-expectancy and the dimensions of goal orientation.