To study the relationship between interpersonal disturbances and subjective well-being in college students, 467 undergraduates in Guangzhou were investigated. The results indicted as follows:(1) there was interaction on the interpersonal disturbance of talking with others between the areas and the single child or multi-child, the interpersonal disturbance of talking with others of the college students who were single child and came from city was the lowest;there was significant a difference on interpersonal disturbance of gett ing along with opposite gender in the areas and the single child or multi-child, the interpersonal disturbance of getting along with opposite gender of the college students who are from village had a worse disturbance;(2) there was interaction on life satisfact ion between the areas and the single child or multi-child, as well as on the positive affect, life satisfaction and the positive affect of the college students who were single child and came from city were highest, life satisfaction and the positive affect of the college students who were single child and came from village were lowest;(3) stepwise regression analysis showed that interpersonal disturbance of making friends, interpersonal disturbance of talking with others and interpersonal disturbance of gett ing along with opposite gender had significant predictable effects on life sat isfaction;interpersonal disturbance of talking with others, interpersonal disturbance of treat ing others in proper way and interpersonal disturbance of making friends had significant predictable effects on positive affect;interpersonal disturbance of making friends, interpersonal disturbance of talking with others and interpersonal disturbance of treating others in proper way had significant predictable effects on negative affect.

Synthesizing and comparing the methods of mediation analysis and effect size index,we suggest the focus on the significance between the independent and dependent variables,both before and after mediation tests,is unjustified and can impair theory development and testing.We recommend that,1)mediator effect can be analyzed by bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method;2)full and partial mediation should be replaced by κ²、R_med² index, whenever possible,confidence intervals for the population effect size should be reported.Mediation analysis and effect size measurement are applied to a real-world example using data from a health promotion program to improve the nutrition habits of firefighters.MBESS package of R software is also provided for researchers to implement mediation analysis and effect size measurement.The future research direction of mediation analysis and effect size measurement is discussed at the end of the paper.

The aim of the study was to introduce and revise a short-form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran(s-EMBU),which could be used to measure perceived parental rearing behavior in China.712 undergraduate students from three universities participated in the investigation.Exploratory factor analysis indicated thats-EMBU for Chinese(s-EMBU-C) had three subscales(Rejection,Emotional Warmth and over Protection) with effective 6,7 and 8 items respectively.Indices of reliability were between 0.74-0.84 for the internal consistency(C ronbach's a coefficient),0.73-0.84 for split-half reliability,0.70-0.81 for test-retest estimates(101 participates were retested 10 weeks later).Confirmative factor analysis found the scale had good construct validity.Criterion-related validity was demonstrated through the scale's relation with Chinese 115-item version of EMBU,Eysenckian dimensions of personality,sex role orientationand self-esteem.In sum,the s-EMBU-C met psychometric criteria.

Data were collected from a sample of 270 college students with the Working Motivation Inventory(WMI)and General and Domain-Special Self-Efficacy Scale.Firstly WMI was revised and its reliability and validity were tested;then the relationship of self-efficacy and learning motivation was examined.The results showed:(1)the revised WMI had a good construct validity and reliability;(2)there were gender differences on challenge and depending on others'evaluation:the males challenged more difficulties than the females,and the females more depended on others'evaluation than the males;(3)both general and domain-special self-efficacy positively correlated with intrinsic motivation,challenge and enjoyment;negatively correlated with selection of simple task.

Adopting gratitude questionair (GQ-6), positive affection and negative affection scale (PANAS), satisfaction of life scale (SLS), anti-frustration ability scale and social support rate scale(SSRS), the study collected a sample of 865 middle school students to explore the relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being, and the mediation role of social support and anti-frustration ability to them.Results showed that: (1) Positive affection for middle school students was significantly higher than negative affection; (2) Significant correlations existed between middle school students' gratitude and subjective well-being, social support, and anti-frustration ability ; (3) Structure equation modeling analysis showed that middle school students' gratitude could directly and negatively predict negative affection, but not positive affection and life satisfaction; social support and anti-frustration ability completely mediated the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction, positive affection, and anti-frustration ability partly mediated the relationship between gratitude and negative affection. Conclusion: gratitude influences middle school students' subjective well-being via social support and anti-frustration ability.

CCTDI.The revision of CCTDI Chinese version includes translation and test.The revised inventory was used to analyzed critical thinking disposition of 382 university students.The results showed:a) The reliability and validity of the CCTDI Chinese revision was satisfactory.The Cronbach's α,the correlation coefficients among each scale score,the correlation coefficients between each scale score and total score were high enough.b) The O scale score,C scale score and I scale score was significant related to that of Openness to experience.C) The disposition toward CT of the tested Chinese students was opposition.

To explore the influence of Parenting on Social Adjustment of adolescents,and the moderation effects of personality,Parenting Styles Questionnaires,Five-factor Personality Questionnaires and Adolescents'Social Adjustment Assessment Questionnaires were administered to the sample consisting of 2288 students from six cities in China,in order to identify personality as a moderator.The results showed that:(1)parenting behaviors could be divided into 4 different parenting styles,namely democratic style,authoritative style,authoritarian style and neglectful style,the proportions of which were 35.2%,16.9%,20.8%,and 27.1% respectively.Significant differences in social adjustment and personality existed among adolescents with different parenting styles.(2) Parenting and adolescents'social adjustment were significantly related,except the correlation between withdrawal of care and acting efficiency.(3)Personality served as a moderator in the relationship between support and company,autonomy,monitor and positive adjustment,and the relationship between guide,autonomy,monitor and negative adjustment.

In order to give an interpretation for the relationship and complex mechanisms between mobile phone addiction and procrastination, the present study conducted a moderated mediation model to examine the effects of mobile phone addiction, attention control and effortful control on procrastination and the underlying mechanism. A total of 1212 college students participated in this study. College students' mobile phone addiction was measured by the Mobile phone addiction index questionnaire. The short form of Attention Control Scale was used to assess attention control. Effortful control was assessed with Effortful Control Scale. College students' procrastination was assessed with Procrastination Scale. All the measures have good reliability and validity. The results showed that:(1) After controlling for age, grade, the mobile phone addiction has a positive direct effect on college students' procrastination. (2) The positive association between mobile phone addiction and college students' procrastination was mediated by attention control. (3) The mediating effect of attention control was moderated by effortful control. The indirect effect was stronger for college students with lower effortful control than for those with higher effortful control.

150 children aged 3-5 years participated in the research.An interview was conducted to investigate the age characters,developmental trend and sex differences.The Results indicated:(1) There was a significant change of emotion understanding between three-four year old.Children's understanding of positive emotion was superior to understanding of negative emotion.Girls performed better than boys on affective perspective-taking task.(2) The mostly used emotion regulation strategy was instructive strategy,next was the avoiding strategy and emotion venting strategy,the last one was the destroyed strategy.(3) The ability of affective perspective-taking predicted the development of emotion regulation.

This study explored the influence of social support and self-esteem on subjective well-being in 300 college students with questionnaire.The results indicted(1) Bivariate correlation suggested that social support,self-esteem and whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction and positive affects correlated significantly with each other,while social support,self-esteem negatively correlated with negative effects.(2) Regression analysis showed further indication that there was good regression relation between social support and self-esteem whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction,positive effects and negative effects,and then self-esteem was a mediator factor between social support and SWB because its good regression relation with whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction,positive effects and negative effects based on social support.(3) Equations(EQS) 5.7b further validated that self-esteem was a mediator factor between social support and subjective well-being.

Eighty-two 3-and 4-year-olds who just enrolled in one kindergarten were examined in order to explore developing relations between their understanding of emotion and their social behaviors.Their family emotional expressiveness was also surveyed by family emotional expressiveness questionnaires just before they enrolled in kindergarten.Their understanding of emotion was assessed by one experimenter after they had been in preschool for 2 months.At the end of the first semester,their development of social behaviors was assessed by their close teachers.It was found in that the differnet aspects of their parents'emotional expressiveness had a bit different relations to their development of emotion understanding and social behaviors.The study also replicated and extended the findings that young children's emotion understanding may mediate between their family expressiveness and their development of social behaviors.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among Chinese overseas students.cultural identification,social orientation and subjective well-being in the process of acculturation.A questionnaire including scales of cultural identification,social orientation and subjective well-being was developed to investigate 144 Chinese students in Australia.The results indicate:(a) Chinese students.identification to Chinese culture will reduce with significant increase in ident ification to Australian mainstream culture along with the process of acculturation; (b) the process of acculturation can not directly bring about increase of individualism and reduction of collectivism but indirectly weaken one's collectivism through host national identification and co2national identification; (c) Chinese students.both cultural identification and social orientation can directly influence the subjective well-being (d) acculturation will directly influence Chinese overseas students.subjective well2being and also indirectly affect the subjective well-being through its effect on the students.cultural identification and social orientation,which are two mediate factors in the effect of acculturation on the students subjective well-being.

According to Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory positive affect is the most important mechanism for resilient people to bounce back from stress.By stress experiment we studied the mediating role of positive affect between resilience and adaptation.The study used 37 female students to test their affect and resilience,and exam at a stress condition using duration of cardiovascular reactivity as an index of adaptation.The result was:(1) under stress resilience was significantly correlated with duration of cardiovascular reactivity(r=-0.75,p<0.001);(2) When positive affect was added in the regression equation the effect of resilience on duration of cardiovascular reactivity was declining but still significant(r=-0.62,p<0.001).The conclusion was that positive affect played a partly meditational role between resilience and adaptation under stress.

This study focus on exploring the developmental characteristic of adolescents' interpersonal relations with peer groups,parents,teachers and strangers.The subjects were selected from Beijing,Henan,Chongqing,Hangzhou and Xinjiang,with age from 13 to 18 years old.The results are as follows:Firstly,the level of interpersonal relations of adolescents decrease between the age of 13 and 14,then increase significantly between the age of 14 and 15,and keep steady during senior high school.Secondly,adolescents' interpersonal relations with peer groups are better than the relationships with adult.Moreover,adolescent's interpersonal relations with peer groups of same sex are better than the relationships with peer groups of opposite sex,and the relationships with stranger are better than the relationships with parents and teachers.Thirdly,the level of interpersonal relations of girls is higher than the relationships of boys.Fourthly,there are critical periods in adolescent's interpersonal relations with peer groups of opposite sex.For boys this period appears between the age of 14 and 16,while for the girls this period appears between the age of 14 and 15.During the critical periods,the level of interpersonal relations with opposite sex increase significantly and keep steady after the periods.Besides,the interpersonal relations with peer groups of same sex increases quickly between the age of 15 and 16.Fifthly,adolescent's interpersonal relation with parents decreases significantly between the age of 13 and 14,while increases during the senior high school.Besides,adolescent's interpersonal relation with teachers keeps at a low level.However,There are significant differences on the development of adolescent's interpersonal relations with strangers.Boys' relationships with strangers increases steadily with the increase of age,while girls' relationships with strangers fluctuates during the adolescence.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing to explore the relationship between Parents-adolescents relation,loneliness and Internet addiction.3766 middle schools students from 2 key middle schools,5 general middle schools,and 2 vocational schools were asked to report their perceived relationship quality with their father and mother respectively in Buchnan scale of closeness to parents,loneliness in Asher scale loneliness in children and the extent of Internet addiction in Leili scale of adolescent's pathologic Internet use.Based on correlation analysis and structure equation models,the results showed that:(1)the incidence of Internet addiction among middle school students in the study was 11.2 percents,with the percents among boys was higher than that of girls, and the percents among key middles schools was lower than that of general and key middle schools.(2)parents-adolescents relationship was negatively associated with their loneliness and Internet addiction,while Loneliness was positively associated with their Internet addiction.(3)Father-adolescents relationship not only has a direct negative effect on Internet addiction,but also has an indirect effect through loneliness.While mother-adolescents relationship just has an indirect negative effect on Internet addiction through loneliness.This results showed the loneliness play a partial mediation effect in the relationship between father-adolescent relationship and Internet addiction and a fully mediation effect in the relationship between mother-adolescent relationship and Internet addiction.

Under the guidance of ecosystems theories,the paper focused on confirming the effect mechanisms of family ecosystems on development of children's mental health,finding that,in the group of the mentally healthy,all of the subsystems (i.e.parent subsystem,family environment subsystem,and children subsystem) have buffering function,while in the group of the mental unhealthy,only one subsystem of family ecosystem (children subsystem) buffers the risks and disadvantages,other two subsystems (parent subsystems,family environment subsystem) have opposite function.

The present study examined 122 participants about the learning experience of statistics for psychology.The results showed:(1) In contrast with male students,female students were superior for the learning experience and test performance; (2) There existed the significant relationship between learning anxiety,learning attitude and motivation with the test performance.There existed the negative correlation between learning anxiety and the test performance; it is a positive correlation between learning attitude and motivation with the one.The study found the lower scorers were higher in level of learning anxiety than higher scorers; (3) the test performance was influenced not only directly by learning anxiety and motivation,but also indirectly by learning attitude.

This study explored the influence of temperament and parental rearing patterns on Loneliness in 349 college students with questionnaire.The results indicated(1) female students have more loneliness and emotionnality than male students.There are speciality differences in loneliness.The students majoring in science have more loneliness than arts,(2) Bivariate correlation analysis suggested that loneliness correlated with mostly factors of parental rearing patterns and sociability.(3) Regression analysis showed further indication that there was high regression relation among sociability,fathers' firm control and romantic loneliness,certain parental rearing patterns' factors and loneliness.

The relationships between professional stress,teaching efficacy and burnout among the school teachers were investigated by canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that:(1) professional stress would cause emotional exhaustion and depersonalization among the teachers concerned; (2) the lower teaching efficacy was,the more serious the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization was; (3) the teaching efficacy had adjustment function between the professional stress and the burnout,higher teaching efficacy could change the effect of the professional stress,and decrease the emotional exhaustion and the depersonalization level.

This study selected 1038 students from Grade 7 to Grade 9 from three different cities in China to explore the effects and mechanism of adolescents'family environment and parent-child attachment on their internet addiction, as well as to test the Person-Context Interaction Theory and the Process-Person-Context-Time Model .The results showed as follows: (1) Both the family environment and parent-child attachment were negatively related to adolescents'internet addiction; (2) In the family environment dimension, the family intimacy predicted adolescents'internet addiction more obviously than family adaptability,while in the father-child attachment dimension, the father-child trust negatively predicted adolescents'internet addiction, and in the mother-child attachment dimension, the mother-child alienation positively predicted adolescents'internet addiction; (3)The family intimacy not only directly affected adolescents'internet addiction,but also had indirect effect on adolescents'internet addiction through the mediation effects of mother-child alienation and father-child trust; however, the difference of mediation effects between mother-child alienation and father-child trust was not significant.

This study examined the effects of flow experience on online game addiction and its mechanism and antecedents.A total of 491 male undergraduate students took part in the current study.The results showed that(1) Flow experience was significantly and positively related to online game addiction,control and challenge;online game addiction was significantly and positively related to control and challenge.(2)Flow experience played a full mediating role in challenge's effect on online game addiction,indicating that an indirect effect of challenge on online game addiction;flow experience had a partial mediating effect between control and online game addiction, revealing direct and indirect effects of the control on online game addiction.

This study examined(a)whether there were specific relations between parental behavioral and psychological control and early adolescents'aggression and social withdrawal,(b)whether the above relations were nonlinear,and(c)whether emotion regulation(cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression)mediated the above relations.Six hundred and ninety-four early adolescents(mean age=13.67 years)participated in this study by filling out questionnaire measures of parental control,emotion regulation,and problem behaviors.The results revealed that(a)both forms of parental control were associated with aggression and social withdrawal(i. e.,no specificity);(b)the effects of behavioral control on problem behaviors were nonlinear,whereas the effects of psychological control on problem behaviors were linear;(c)cognitive reappraisal mediated the relationship between psychological control and aggression,while expressive suppression mediated the relationship between psychological control and social withdrawal.

Theory-of-mind(TOM)is an area of much concern among developmental psychologists.Disagreements still existed among researchers concerning the age at which children obtain TOM and the stages of its development.In the present study,the ‘unexpected transfer' and‘deceptive appearance' test tasks were employed in a sample of 233 3-6 years old children from three urban kindergartens,in an effort to explore when children obtain the ability of TOM and how this ability developed with children's age.The results indicated that children had developed the ability to distinguish between appearance and reality before the age of three,but they could not understand false beliefs.Four-years old children developed the understanding of both his ther own and others'false beliefs in the deceptive appearance task,and five-year old children were able to understand the false beliefs in the unexpected transfer task.Age from 4 to 5 seems to be the critical age at which children obtain theory-of-mind,but it could vary with the test tasks employed.No significant gender difference was found in children's understanding of false beliefs.

The theoretical and empirical study of meaning in life in psychology began in the middle of the twentieth century.From the theories of existentialism psychology,personality and motivation,relativism,to positive psychology,the research on meaning in life was far from the style of Philosophy,and became a most important psychological topic.Since the 1960s,researchers have gradually developed a lot of instruments to measure this concept from two dimensions:sense of meaning in life and the sources of meaning in life.The integration of sources and sense of meaning in life on measurement is the new tendency.There is wide development potential in the theoretical perspective,research content and methods and practical application for the psychological research of meaning in life.

Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job,and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion,cynicism,and inefficacy.A number of studies on burnout have focused specifically on the teaching profession due to the fact that this profession is one of the largest and most visible professions in society and recognition of the extreme demands and pressures which teachers often confront.This study examined the burnout and factors relating to levels of job burnout with Maslach &Jackson MBI(1993) in a sample of 190 middle school teachers at Chongqing and Sichuan 4 middle schools.The results showed that:(1) the middle school teacher's burnout is not serious on the whole.(2) these teachers with 6-10 years job experience recorded significantly higher scores on the MBI than others.(3) the title of professional post is the important factor related to the levels of job burnout(4) gender,whether the school is important,and whether he is the class in charge don't effect the score of burnout significantly.

Character strengths and subjective well-being are primary concerns of positive psychology.The purpose of this study was to:(1)evaluate the character strengths among Chinese college students;and(2)reveal the relationship between the 24 strengths and well-being.115 participants were recruited to complete the web-based Values in Action Inventory of Strengths,Oxford Happiness Questionnaire,and Satisfaction with Life Scale.The top five "signature strengths" of Chinese college students were love,honesty,gratitude,appreciation of beauty,and kindness.Taking gender into account,men and women share three of the top five "signature strengths" (honesty, gratitude,and appreciation of beauty).The main findings also include:Hope,love,zest,curiosity,citizenship, and social intelligence were substantially associated with happiness.And robustly related with life satisfaction were hope,social intelligence,perspectives,love,and industry.