The aim of the study was to introduce and revise a short-form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran(s-EMBU),which could be used to measure perceived parental rearing behavior in China.712 undergraduate students from three universities participated in the investigation.Exploratory factor analysis indicated thats-EMBU for Chinese(s-EMBU-C) had three subscales(Rejection,Emotional Warmth and over Protection) with effective 6,7 and 8 items respectively.Indices of reliability were between 0.74-0.84 for the internal consistency(C ronbach's a coefficient),0.73-0.84 for split-half reliability,0.70-0.81 for test-retest estimates(101 participates were retested 10 weeks later).Confirmative factor analysis found the scale had good construct validity.Criterion-related validity was demonstrated through the scale's relation with Chinese 115-item version of EMBU,Eysenckian dimensions of personality,sex role orientationand self-esteem.In sum,the s-EMBU-C met psychometric criteria.

Data were collected from a sample of 270 college students with the Working Motivation Inventory(WMI)and General and Domain-Special Self-Efficacy Scale.Firstly WMI was revised and its reliability and validity were tested;then the relationship of self-efficacy and learning motivation was examined.The results showed:(1)the revised WMI had a good construct validity and reliability;(2)there were gender differences on challenge and depending on others'evaluation:the males challenged more difficulties than the females,and the females more depended on others'evaluation than the males;(3)both general and domain-special self-efficacy positively correlated with intrinsic motivation,challenge and enjoyment;negatively correlated with selection of simple task.

CCTDI.The revision of CCTDI Chinese version includes translation and test.The revised inventory was used to analyzed critical thinking disposition of 382 university students.The results showed:a) The reliability and validity of the CCTDI Chinese revision was satisfactory.The Cronbach's α,the correlation coefficients among each scale score,the correlation coefficients between each scale score and total score were high enough.b) The O scale score,C scale score and I scale score was significant related to that of Openness to experience.C) The disposition toward CT of the tested Chinese students was opposition.

To study the relationship between interpersonal disturbances and subjective well-being in college students, 467 undergraduates in Guangzhou were investigated. The results indicted as follows:(1) there was interaction on the interpersonal disturbance of talking with others between the areas and the single child or multi-child, the interpersonal disturbance of talking with others of the college students who were single child and came from city was the lowest;there was significant a difference on interpersonal disturbance of gett ing along with opposite gender in the areas and the single child or multi-child, the interpersonal disturbance of getting along with opposite gender of the college students who are from village had a worse disturbance;(2) there was interaction on life satisfact ion between the areas and the single child or multi-child, as well as on the positive affect, life satisfaction and the positive affect of the college students who were single child and came from city were highest, life satisfaction and the positive affect of the college students who were single child and came from village were lowest;(3) stepwise regression analysis showed that interpersonal disturbance of making friends, interpersonal disturbance of talking with others and interpersonal disturbance of gett ing along with opposite gender had significant predictable effects on life sat isfaction;interpersonal disturbance of talking with others, interpersonal disturbance of treat ing others in proper way and interpersonal disturbance of making friends had significant predictable effects on positive affect;interpersonal disturbance of making friends, interpersonal disturbance of talking with others and interpersonal disturbance of treating others in proper way had significant predictable effects on negative affect.

Synthesizing and comparing the methods of mediation analysis and effect size index,we suggest the focus on the significance between the independent and dependent variables,both before and after mediation tests,is unjustified and can impair theory development and testing.We recommend that,1)mediator effect can be analyzed by bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method;2)full and partial mediation should be replaced by κ²、R_med² index, whenever possible,confidence intervals for the population effect size should be reported.Mediation analysis and effect size measurement are applied to a real-world example using data from a health promotion program to improve the nutrition habits of firefighters.MBESS package of R software is also provided for researchers to implement mediation analysis and effect size measurement.The future research direction of mediation analysis and effect size measurement is discussed at the end of the paper.

To explore the influence of Parenting on Social Adjustment of adolescents,and the moderation effects of personality,Parenting Styles Questionnaires,Five-factor Personality Questionnaires and Adolescents'Social Adjustment Assessment Questionnaires were administered to the sample consisting of 2288 students from six cities in China,in order to identify personality as a moderator.The results showed that:(1)parenting behaviors could be divided into 4 different parenting styles,namely democratic style,authoritative style,authoritarian style and neglectful style,the proportions of which were 35.2%,16.9%,20.8%,and 27.1% respectively.Significant differences in social adjustment and personality existed among adolescents with different parenting styles.(2) Parenting and adolescents'social adjustment were significantly related,except the correlation between withdrawal of care and acting efficiency.(3)Personality served as a moderator in the relationship between support and company,autonomy,monitor and positive adjustment,and the relationship between guide,autonomy,monitor and negative adjustment.

This study explored the influence of social support and self-esteem on subjective well-being in 300 college students with questionnaire.The results indicted(1) Bivariate correlation suggested that social support,self-esteem and whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction and positive affects correlated significantly with each other,while social support,self-esteem negatively correlated with negative effects.(2) Regression analysis showed further indication that there was good regression relation between social support and self-esteem whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction,positive effects and negative effects,and then self-esteem was a mediator factor between social support and SWB because its good regression relation with whole subjective well-being,life satisfaction,positive effects and negative effects based on social support.(3) Equations(EQS) 5.7b further validated that self-esteem was a mediator factor between social support and subjective well-being.

Adopting gratitude questionair (GQ-6), positive affection and negative affection scale (PANAS), satisfaction of life scale (SLS), anti-frustration ability scale and social support rate scale(SSRS), the study collected a sample of 865 middle school students to explore the relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being, and the mediation role of social support and anti-frustration ability to them.Results showed that: (1) Positive affection for middle school students was significantly higher than negative affection; (2) Significant correlations existed between middle school students' gratitude and subjective well-being, social support, and anti-frustration ability ; (3) Structure equation modeling analysis showed that middle school students' gratitude could directly and negatively predict negative affection, but not positive affection and life satisfaction; social support and anti-frustration ability completely mediated the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction, positive affection, and anti-frustration ability partly mediated the relationship between gratitude and negative affection. Conclusion: gratitude influences middle school students' subjective well-being via social support and anti-frustration ability.

This study focus on exploring the developmental characteristic of adolescents' interpersonal relations with peer groups,parents,teachers and strangers.The subjects were selected from Beijing,Henan,Chongqing,Hangzhou and Xinjiang,with age from 13 to 18 years old.The results are as follows:Firstly,the level of interpersonal relations of adolescents decrease between the age of 13 and 14,then increase significantly between the age of 14 and 15,and keep steady during senior high school.Secondly,adolescents' interpersonal relations with peer groups are better than the relationships with adult.Moreover,adolescent's interpersonal relations with peer groups of same sex are better than the relationships with peer groups of opposite sex,and the relationships with stranger are better than the relationships with parents and teachers.Thirdly,the level of interpersonal relations of girls is higher than the relationships of boys.Fourthly,there are critical periods in adolescent's interpersonal relations with peer groups of opposite sex.For boys this period appears between the age of 14 and 16,while for the girls this period appears between the age of 14 and 15.During the critical periods,the level of interpersonal relations with opposite sex increase significantly and keep steady after the periods.Besides,the interpersonal relations with peer groups of same sex increases quickly between the age of 15 and 16.Fifthly,adolescent's interpersonal relation with parents decreases significantly between the age of 13 and 14,while increases during the senior high school.Besides,adolescent's interpersonal relation with teachers keeps at a low level.However,There are significant differences on the development of adolescent's interpersonal relations with strangers.Boys' relationships with strangers increases steadily with the increase of age,while girls' relationships with strangers fluctuates during the adolescence.

150 children aged 3-5 years participated in the research.An interview was conducted to investigate the age characters,developmental trend and sex differences.The Results indicated:(1) There was a significant change of emotion understanding between three-four year old.Children's understanding of positive emotion was superior to understanding of negative emotion.Girls performed better than boys on affective perspective-taking task.(2) The mostly used emotion regulation strategy was instructive strategy,next was the avoiding strategy and emotion venting strategy,the last one was the destroyed strategy.(3) The ability of affective perspective-taking predicted the development of emotion regulation.

The present study examined 122 participants about the learning experience of statistics for psychology.The results showed:(1) In contrast with male students,female students were superior for the learning experience and test performance; (2) There existed the significant relationship between learning anxiety,learning attitude and motivation with the test performance.There existed the negative correlation between learning anxiety and the test performance; it is a positive correlation between learning attitude and motivation with the one.The study found the lower scorers were higher in level of learning anxiety than higher scorers; (3) the test performance was influenced not only directly by learning anxiety and motivation,but also indirectly by learning attitude.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing to explore the relationship between Parents-adolescents relation,loneliness and Internet addiction.3766 middle schools students from 2 key middle schools,5 general middle schools,and 2 vocational schools were asked to report their perceived relationship quality with their father and mother respectively in Buchnan scale of closeness to parents,loneliness in Asher scale loneliness in children and the extent of Internet addiction in Leili scale of adolescent's pathologic Internet use.Based on correlation analysis and structure equation models,the results showed that:(1)the incidence of Internet addiction among middle school students in the study was 11.2 percents,with the percents among boys was higher than that of girls, and the percents among key middles schools was lower than that of general and key middle schools.(2)parents-adolescents relationship was negatively associated with their loneliness and Internet addiction,while Loneliness was positively associated with their Internet addiction.(3)Father-adolescents relationship not only has a direct negative effect on Internet addiction,but also has an indirect effect through loneliness.While mother-adolescents relationship just has an indirect negative effect on Internet addiction through loneliness.This results showed the loneliness play a partial mediation effect in the relationship between father-adolescent relationship and Internet addiction and a fully mediation effect in the relationship between mother-adolescent relationship and Internet addiction.

The present study was designed to revise the Prosocial Tendencies Measure(PTM)developed by Carlo.The researchers investigated four times in Beijing,with the theory based on the Chinese cultural background and the developmental situation of adolescence.The researchers added three items to compliance scale and deleted two items to altruism scale.The results show that the revised measures have sound psychometrical criterion,the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the public,anonymous,altruistic,compliant,emotional and dire scale of PTM are 0.71,0.78,0.76, 0.74,0.73,0.56,respectively,and the correlation between the six scales and the overal measure are 0.49,0.76, 0.80,0.80,0.79,0.80,respectively.

Bowlby's attachment theory holds that the internal working models of attachment developed during childhood can influence the behavior in the interpersonal relations in future.As a result,adult attachment style laid down early years is able to persist,and this continuity of adult attachment can be shown by the stability of adult attachment style in different time.During the past 2 decades researches using different kinds of measurements have demonstrated that adult attachment is relatively stable.However,researchers have become interested in attachment instability and proposed life-stress model,social-cognitive model and individual-difference model to describe the predictors of attachment style change.Though there have been many researches about the stability of adult attachment,some aspect need to be improved further.

Children's emotion understanding is a core component of social cognition,and it is very important to their social interaction with peers and later social adjustment.Parental socialization of emotion has obtained more and more attention during the past two decades.Parental meta-emotion philosophy refers to parents' feelings and approaches to their own and their children's emotions,which reflects parental beliefs and goals of emotion socialization.Parental beliefs and goals have important effect on children's emotion understanding.The current study explored the developmental trend of preschoolers' emotion understanding,and then examined the relation between parental meta-emotion philosophy and preschoolers' emotion understanding.Three hundred and forty-one children aged 3-5 and their parents participated in the study.Children's emotion understanding was assessed by research assistants on Denham's puppet play task.Fathers and mothers reported their own meta-emotion philosophy on Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy Scale (PMEPQ) respectively.Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Regression linear (MRL) analyses indicated:(1) Girls' emotion recognition was explicitly better than boys; (2) Preschoolers' emotion understanding showed significant developmental trend,and elder preschoolers' emotion understanding competence was significantly better than younger; (3) Maternal emotion-noninvolvement was positively associated with preschoolers' emotion recognition; maternal emotion-dysfunction was negatively associated with preschoolers' emotion recognition; (4) Paternal emotion-dysfunction was positively associated with preschoolers' emotion recognition and emotion situationunderstanding.

In this study,the possible relations between motivation and assessments of academic self-concept were investigated through more than 10 thousand middle school students in 4 different areas.The result indicates:(1) the students with inner-motivation take little proportions; still lots of students have outer-motivation.(2) The status of assessments of academic self-concept in middle school students are lower than average level,and the students believe their abilities in test are more powerful than in class or out of class,and(3) the students own outer-motivation believe their abilities in test are best,but the students own inner-motivation believe their abilities out of class are best of all other abilities.For the need of learning tasks,some grade students may have inappropriate behaviors out of the motivation type,and when in some special motivation type,the gender opportunities may be appearance.

A survey using a cluster sampling of adolescence was conducted to investigate the characteristics of self-disclosure and self-concealment in adolescence and the relationship between them and subjective well-being.691 adolescents participated in filling in an anonymous questionnaire.The results indicated that girls disclosed more to fathers,mothers and their best same-sex friends but concealed less than boys.There were significant grade differences with adolescent self-disclosure to mothers,their best same-sex and cross-sex friends.The only-child children disclosed less to their best same-sex and cross-sex friends than non-only-child children did.The target person that adolescents preferred to disclose to also differed across genders and grades.A multiple regression analysis showed that disclosure to parents positively predicted life satisfaction,disclosure to both fathers and the best cross-sex friends positively predicted positive affect,di sclosure to fathers negatively predicted negative feelings while self-concealment positively predicted negative feelings.

Confirmatory factor analysis was deployed to study the structure of Self-regulation of Children Aged between 3 and 5 years,and the results show that it consists of four dimensions:continence,persistence,consciousness and self imposed delay of gratification,the relations among them are isolative and correlative.According to the results,we designed two observing field experiments,and compared the results from experiments and questionnaire.We found these two results are high-related,and it shows that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among Chinese overseas students.cultural identification,social orientation and subjective well-being in the process of acculturation.A questionnaire including scales of cultural identification,social orientation and subjective well-being was developed to investigate 144 Chinese students in Australia.The results indicate:(a) Chinese students.identification to Chinese culture will reduce with significant increase in ident ification to Australian mainstream culture along with the process of acculturation; (b) the process of acculturation can not directly bring about increase of individualism and reduction of collectivism but indirectly weaken one's collectivism through host national identification and co2national identification; (c) Chinese students.both cultural identification and social orientation can directly influence the subjective well-being (d) acculturation will directly influence Chinese overseas students.subjective well2being and also indirectly affect the subjective well-being through its effect on the students.cultural identification and social orientation,which are two mediate factors in the effect of acculturation on the students subjective well-being.

In order to evaluate the present state of teacher's professional identity,177 teachers in elementary schools and middle schools were surveyed by a questionnaire designed by the authors.The results revealed that the overall level of Chinese teacher's professional identity was positive;there were significant differences between male teachers and female teachers,between elementary school teachers and middle school teachers,between different titles of professional positions,between different professional motivation teachers,between different salary satisfaction teachers.

A survey using a cluster sample of 370 secondary school students was conducted to examine the mediating and moderating role of emotional intelligence (EI) on the relationship between parent adolescent attachment and aggression in adolescence.The results indicated that (1) both attachment security and EI had protective effects on aggression; and EI partially mediated the relationship between attachment security and aggression.(2) EI also moderated the relationship between attachment security and adolescents' aggressive behavior.The protective effect of attachment was much stronger for emotionally intelligent adolescents compared to their less emotionally intelligent counterparts,which supported the protective protective model.

Eighty-two 3-and 4-year-olds who just enrolled in one kindergarten were examined in order to explore developing relations between their understanding of emotion and their social behaviors.Their family emotional expressiveness was also surveyed by family emotional expressiveness questionnaires just before they enrolled in kindergarten.Their understanding of emotion was assessed by one experimenter after they had been in preschool for 2 months.At the end of the first semester,their development of social behaviors was assessed by their close teachers.It was found in that the differnet aspects of their parents'emotional expressiveness had a bit different relations to their development of emotion understanding and social behaviors.The study also replicated and extended the findings that young children's emotion understanding may mediate between their family expressiveness and their development of social behaviors.

Present study developed a self-regulated learning scale for college students suiting Chinese students based on the self-regulated learning theory of Zimmerman.Using exploratory factor analysis,we found six factors in the motivation sub-scale,they are self-efficiency,intrinsic aim,learning controlling,extrinsic aim,learning valuable, learning anxiety;and six factors in the strategy sub-scale,they are learning method,seeking help,learning planning,learning summarize,learning evaluating,learning managing.After testing,we consider the reliability coefficient and validity coefficient are valid.

To test the relationship among positive affection,negative affection,emotional labor,and burnout,survey is put into operation.Basing on Grandey's emotion regulation model,regression analysis over 828 primary and middle school teachers shows that positive and negative affection varies the correlation between emotional labor and burnout.Results further indicate that emotional labor does not only partially mediate the effect of "mean difference between negative affection and positive affection" on burnout dimensions,but also partially mediate the effect of "coefficient of variation difference between negative affection and positive affection" on depersonalization and accomplishment.In addition,as a function of gender,deep acting and surface acting act as moderated mediators,partially mediate the effect of "mean difference between negative affection and positive affection" on depersonalization.

This study selected 1038 students from Grade 7 to Grade 9 from three different cities in China to explore the effects and mechanism of adolescents'family environment and parent-child attachment on their internet addiction, as well as to test the Person-Context Interaction Theory and the Process-Person-Context-Time Model .The results showed as follows: (1) Both the family environment and parent-child attachment were negatively related to adolescents'internet addiction; (2) In the family environment dimension, the family intimacy predicted adolescents'internet addiction more obviously than family adaptability,while in the father-child attachment dimension, the father-child trust negatively predicted adolescents'internet addiction, and in the mother-child attachment dimension, the mother-child alienation positively predicted adolescents'internet addiction; (3)The family intimacy not only directly affected adolescents'internet addiction,but also had indirect effect on adolescents'internet addiction through the mediation effects of mother-child alienation and father-child trust; however, the difference of mediation effects between mother-child alienation and father-child trust was not significant.

According to Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory positive affect is the most important mechanism for resilient people to bounce back from stress.By stress experiment we studied the mediating role of positive affect between resilience and adaptation.The study used 37 female students to test their affect and resilience,and exam at a stress condition using duration of cardiovascular reactivity as an index of adaptation.The result was:(1) under stress resilience was significantly correlated with duration of cardiovascular reactivity(r=-0.75,p<0.001);(2) When positive affect was added in the regression equation the effect of resilience on duration of cardiovascular reactivity was declining but still significant(r=-0.62,p<0.001).The conclusion was that positive affect played a partly meditational role between resilience and adaptation under stress.

The present study was designed to probe into the components of metacognition,to be exactly,the hypothesis of three-component.The procedure was as the following:an inventory involving metacognitive knowledge,metacognitive experience,and metacognitive skill was designed;and then it was conducted to 801 middle school and college students for 3 times;finally,analysis the data by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis with LISREL 8.02.The result suggested that the 3-components hypothesis was acceptable:the fitness between 3-component hypothesisand the data was good,and the fitness between 3-component hypothesis and the data was better than the fitness between other hypothesizes and the data.