Lack of sleep has become a common problem for contemporary primary and secondary school students. To examine the mediating role of social support and emotion regulation self-efficacy in the relationship between sleep loss and negative emotion of primary and secondary school students, we used the Lack of Sleep Questionnaire, the Simplified Chinese version of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale and the Emotion Regulation Self-Efficacy Scale. A whole group sample of 1103 primary and secondary school students in Jiangsu and Anhui were selected for the survey. The results found that: (1) Lack of sleep significantly and positively predicted negative emotion in primary and secondary school students; (2) Social support and perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotion played a separate mediating role between lack of sleep and negative emotion in primary and secondary school students; the mediating role of self-efficacy for perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive emotion was not significant; (3) Social support and perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotion played a chain mediating role between lack of sleep and negative emotion in primary and secondary school students. It shows that lack of sleep has a significant effect on the negative emotion of primary and secondary school students. Social support and perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotion have separate and chained mediating effects.

This study aimed to explore the developmental trajectory of Chinese impoverished children’s prosocial behaviors during early adolescence. Latent Profile Model and Multi-group Latent Growth Model was conducted to examine the development trajectory of prosocial behavior and to explore gender differences and predictive effects of parenting style heterogeneity on the developmental trajectory. A sample of 815 Chinese impoverished children (Mean_age = 11.75 ±1.55 years old) were investigated four times in two years. Due to sample attrition, 763 Chinese impoverished children (Mean_age = 13.88 ±1.52 years old) were investigated in the last survey. Results showed that: (1) Impoverished children’s prosocial behavior decreased linearly during the early of adolescence; (2) The heterogeneity of parenting style in poor families had significant effects on the initial level and developmental trajectory of children's prosocial behaviors, with the initial score of impoverished children’s prosocial behavior from positive caring groups significantly higher than other groups, but the developmental trajectory showed a linear decline; however, the prosocial behaviors of the children from the negative control groups were significantly lower than other groups at the initial level, but the developmental trajectory did not change significantly; (3) In terms of gender effect, the initial level of prosocial behavior of girls in the moderate caring groups were significantly higher than boys, and the decline rate of prosocial behavior of girls in this groups were slower than boys. Conclusion: The heterogeneity of parenting style had a significant effect on the developmental trajectory of prosocial behaviors of early adolescent impoverish children. Moderate caring parenting styles can relieve the decline rate of prosocial behaviors of female impoverished children.

Based on the diathesis-stress model and attachment internal working model, the present study examined the relation between negative life events and internalizing problem, as well as the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of peer attachment. 800 students from three grades of two junior middle schools in Wuhan and Shangqiu were recruited to complete a series of questionnaires: Adolescent Life Events Checklist, Rumination Scale, The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. The results showed that: (1) Negative life events, rumination, depression, and anxiety were significantly positively correlated with each other. Whereas negative life events, depression, and anxiety were significantly negatively correlated with each other; (2) Negative life events not only had direct effects on depression and anxiet but also had indirect effects on depression and anxiety through the mediating role of rumination. And these indirect effects could be moderated by peer attachment. Specifically, this indirect effect was more significant for middle school students with lower peer attachment; (3) Peer attachment could moderate the link between negative life events and depression, but this moderating effect cannot be found in the relationship between negative life events and anxiety. Conclusions: Negative life events are an important external factor resulting in depression and anxiety of middle school students. Moreover, rumination plays a mediating role in the link between negative life events and depression or anxiety. Peer attachment can alleviate these indirect effects. These results reveal the psychological mechanism of the influence of negative life events on the internalizing problem in adolescents, and provide useful suggestions for guiding adolescents to improve the level of peer attachment and promoting the development of mental health.

The present study investigated the relationship between perceived discrimination and intergroup relations among parents of ASD,and explored the mediating effect of intergroup anxiety as well as the moderating effect of self-esteem.Based on questionnaire method,474 parents of ASD were recruited to participate in the study.Results were as follows:(1) perceived discrimination significantly positively predicted intergroup relations of Parents of ASD; (2) intergroup anxiety partially played mediating role in the relationship between perceived discrimination and inter-group relations; (3) The mediating effect of intergroup anxiety was positively moderated by self-esteem. Self-esteem moderated the path from perceived discrimination to intergroup relations as well as the path from intergroup anxiety to intergroup relations.In the case of high self-esteem, the perceived discrimination of parents of ASD has an enhanced influence on intergroup relations. In the case of low self-esteem, the intergroup anxiety of parents of ASD has an enhanced influence on the intergroup relationship of parents of ASD.

In order to explore the relationship between undergraduates’ belief in a just world and their learning burnout, and to investigate the mediating role of coping style and boredom proneness, nine hundred and fifty-five undergraduates were measured by using the just world belief questionnaire, undergraduates’ boredom proneness questionnaire, simple coping style scale and undergraduates’ learning burnout scale. The results were as follows: (1) Taking positive coping and boredom proneness as mediating variables, the belief in a just world could not directly predict learning burnout, while boredom proneness played a complete mediating role. Taking negative coping and boredom proneness as mediating variables, the belief in a just world could directly predict learning burnout, while negative coping and boredom proneness played a partial mediating role respectively; (2) The chain mediating effect between positive/negative coping style and boredom proneness was significant in the relationship between belief in a just world and learning burnout. The results of this study are helpful to understand the mechanism of belief in a just world on learning burnout and provide suggestions for alleviating it.

By cross-lagged analysis and latent growth modeling, the current study examined the causal effects of depression and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and the relationship between their developmental trajectories among 581 Grade 7 students from four schools in Guizhou Province followed up over two years. Additionally, the protective role of social support in the above association was further explored. The results indicated that (1) Adolescents’ depression positively predicted subsequent NSSI, but NSSI had no significant predictive effect on follow-up depression; (2) Depression and NSSI were not stable but increased linearly during early adolescence; (3) Both initial level and slope of depression positively predicted the growth of NSSI; (4) Social support significantly moderated the effect of depression’s growth on NSSI’s growth. Specifically, under the high level of social support, the effect of adolescents’ depression growth on NSSI growth was weakened, suggesting that high social support played a protective role. These results revealed the dynamic changes and relationship between depression and NSSI and their protective factor, which were valuable for intervention program making and NSSI reduction.

The current study used a questionnaire method and conducted 2407 grade seven students from seven middle schools in Taiyuan and Changzhi, Shanxi Province. We examined the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration and extended previous literature by exploring the mediating effect of self-esteem and the moderating effect of basic empathy in this relationship. The results showed that: (1) Parental phubbing positively predicted adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration; (2) Self-esteem mediated the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration; (3) Basic empathy significantly moderated the relationship between self-esteem and adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration. However, basic empathy did not moderate the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration.

A one-and-a-half-year longitudinal study (4 tests in total) was conducted to explore the development trend of Internet altruistic behavior (IAB) among adolescents and the relationship between social class and the developmental trends of adolescents’ IAB. A total of 832 participates aged 12~20 years completed all questionnaires. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) results showed that: (1) The adolescents’ IAB showed an increasing trend over time; (2) Gender, weekly online time and objective social class had no significant influence on the development trend of the adolescents’ IAB, while subjective social class had significant influence on the development trend of adolescents’ IAB. That is, the higher the adolescents’ subjective social class, the stronger the upward trend of their IAB.

Taking undergraduates as subjects, using the task assignment paradigm, Experiment 1 examines the influence of money priming and moral identity on individual moral hypocrisy. Experiment 2 explores the influence of the priming of money abundance and moral identity on individual moral hypocrisy. The results show that: (1) Compared with the control group, money priming caused a significant increase in the number of people who saying one thing and doing another; compared with the group of money scarcity, the priming of money abundance increased the number of people who saying one thing and doing another; (2) The proportion of moral hypocrisy among subjects with low moral identity was significantly higher than those with high moral identity; moreover, money priming significantly increased the moral hypocrisy of subjects with high moral identity. The research reveals that we can reduce the profit-related clues such as money in the situation and improve the level of individual moral identity, which will help reduce the occurrence of moral hypocrisy.

As a key indicator to measure adolescents’ mental health, it is necessary to examine the changes in loneliness level of Chinese adolescents with social change, which can help improve the intervention program for their mental health status. This study conducted a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 79 papers to investigate the change trends and influencing factors of adolescents’ loneliness level from 2001 to 2019. Results showed that: (1) Chinese adolescents’ loneliness level has increased steadily over time; (2) Six social indicators of economic condition, social connectedness and social threat might account for the rise in Chinese adolescents’ loneliness level; (3) In contrast with senior high school students, the upward trend of junior school students’ loneliness level was more obvious; (4) Compared with adolescents of Eastern region, the rise of Midwestern adolescents’ loneliness level was more obvious.

This study explored the role of grade in the process of Chinese children’s reading modes affecting reading comprehension and its internal mechanisms. Participants were 933 elementary children in grades 2 to 6. We compared their reading comprehension scores under three reading modes (reading aloud, mumble reading, and silent reading). The three-minute reading test assessed children’s reading fluency to explore its mediating role in the moderating effect model. The results indicated that: (1) Mumble reading was more conducive to Chinese elementary school children’s reading comprehension than silent reading; (2) Grade played a moderating role in the influence of reading modes on reading comprehension. For second-grade children, comprehension scores in the silent reading mode were significantly lower than those in reading aloud and mumble reading modes. While for fourth-grade children, comprehension scores in the mumble reading mode were significantly higher than those in silent reading mode. In addition, for children in the fifth grade, comprehension scores in the mumble reading mode were significantly higher than those in the other two modes; (3) Reading fluency played a partially mediating role in the moderating effect of grade on the relationship between reading modes and comprehension. This study validated and supplemented Vygotsky’s view of internalization in reading development to some extent, suggesting that we should not blindly correct children’s natural reading modes (such as the muttering phenomenon in reading). In addition, more attention should be paid to children’s reading fluency training because it may help facilitate children’s transition to silent reading.

To investigate the relationship between bully victimization and proactive/reactive aggression, the mediating effect of moral disengagement and the moderating effect of gender, a sample of 2533 middle students (initial age 13.95 ± 0.60, 51.32% boys) was followed up for six months and examined for two waves. The results showed that: (1) Bully victimization at wave 1 could significantly and positively predict proactive aggression and reactive aggression at wave 2; (2) Moral disengagement mediated the relationship between victimization and proactive/reactive aggression; (3) The mediating effect of moral disengagement in the link between victimization and proactive aggression was moderated by gender. For girls, the relationship between victimization and moral disengagement was stronger. For boys, the relationship between moral disengagement and proactive aggression was stronger. The results of the present study suggest that relevant educators should pay attention to the level of moral disengagement of adolescents. Intervening adolescents’ moral cognition will help cut off the link between bully victimization and aggressive behavior.

By using the dual-task rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, two experiments were conducted to explore the difference of attention blink between deaf and normal children in response to disgust and fear body expressions. The results showed that: (1) Both deaf children and normal children had higher correct rate of response to the first target stimulus (T1) disgust than to T1 fear, no matter whether the body expressions were covered or not; (2) Under the condition of complete body expression, only deaf children had attentional blink; but under the condition of arm occlusion, both deaf and normal children had attentional blink. The results confirmed that both deaf and normal children were more sensitive to disgust body expression. The visual attention ability of deaf children was weaker than that of normal children. However, the visual attention ability of deaf children was similar to that of normal children when the arm was covered.

Two studies are carried out to explore the influence of prorelationship motivation on family consumption decision and marital satisfaction. In Study 1, 118 individuals completed an individual decision making task about family consumption, the prorelationship motivation scale and the marital adjustment test. It was found that individual’s prorelationship motivation can negatively predict the rationality of family consumption decision, and positively predict marital satisfaction. In Study 2, the same tools were adopted to test 94 couples under the couple joint decision making situation. According to the mean of prorelationship motivation, couples were divided into three dyad types: homogeneous high prorelationship motivation couples, mixed prorelationship motivation couples and homogeneous low prorelationship motivation couples. It was found that when couples can interact with each other in decision making, there was no significant difference in the rationality of family consumption decision among three dyad types. However, the entire marital satisfaction of homogeneous high prorelationship motivation couples was significantly higher than the other two dyad types, but there is no significant difference between the other two types. In addition, it was also found that prorelationship motivation is correlated with age, marriageable age, children situation, education and income. The results above indicate the importance of interaction and communication in family consumption decision. Moreover, taken together, this research suggests that people had better cultivate prorelationship motivation in their marriage.

Prosocial behavior is defined as behavior that helps others at the expense of self-interest, and can be classified as time-consuming pro-social behavior and money-consuming pro-social behavior according to the loss of benefit attribute. Previous research has suggested that putting a price for time priming leads individuals to reduce pro-social behavior, but less has examined whether putting a price for time priming affects pro-social behavior as a function of subjective social class. This study examined the effects of putting a price for time priming and subjective social class on pro-social behavior through three experiments. The results found that: (1) putting a price for time priming reduced pro-social behavior; (2) subjective social class positively predicted money-consuming pro-social behavior but failed to predict time-consuming pro-social behavior; (3) there was an interaction between putting a price on time priming and subjective social class: under putting a price on time priming, subjective social class positively predicted money-consuming pro-social behavior and negatively predicted time-consuming pro-social behavior; under non putting a price on time priming, subjective social class positively predicts money-consuming pro-social behavior but not time-consuming pro-social behavior under non putting a price on time priming.

The current study investigated whether lexical category affects facial expression perception at early, preattentive perceptual processing stage and whether this effect lateralizes to the left hemisphere of the brain. In an ERP study, four gradual facial expression images, including H1, H2, F1 and F2 were used. The expressions of H1 and H2 were happiness, while those of F1 and F2 were fear. Participants were asked to complete a visual oddball task, in which standard and deviant facial expression images from the same or different lexical categories were presented and a facial image displayed angry was presented as an attention-capturing target stimuli. ERPs showed that, in both the time windows of N1 and N2, amplitude of the vMMN evoked by the between-category deviant was larger than that evoked by the within-category deviant when displayed in the right visual field, but no such effect was observed when stimuli were presented in the left visual field. These results suggested that lexical category affects the perception of facial expression at both early, preattentive perceptual processing stages and post-perceptual decision/response phases, and the effect of lexical category on facial expression perception lateralizes to the left hemisphere of the brain.

Numerous researches have been dedicated to exploring the association between the Approximate Number System (ANS) and mathematical competence in the past two decades. However, various contradictory results have been reported. It remains unclear whether and to what extent and direction the relationship differs systematically and whether variables such as index, task type and task presentation of ANS, math content, and participant age are additional moderators. We investigated these questions by employing of a meta-analysis. The literature yielded 55 articles, 59 independent samples reporting 242 effect sizes found with 12661 participants. The main effect analysis indicated a significant positive correlation (r=0.271) between ANS and mathematical competence. Significantly, the association between ANS and math ability was reciprocal. The moderation analysis revealed that the association was moderated by the index of ANS, math content and participant age. In addition, 82 or more participants are needed to detect the effect. The study set the foundation for further longitudinal, experimental and interventional research and shed light on mathematical education.

Based on the ecological system, the present study investigated the relationship among positive parenting (T1), prosocial peers (T2), risk propensity (T2), and prosocial risky behavior (T1/T2), by surveying 1000 middle school students from 3 schools in Guangzhou. This longitudinal study consisted of 2-time points, each 6 months apart. The results indicated that: (1) After controlling the baseline of prosocial risky behavior, positive parenting significantly predicted adolescents’ prosocial risky behavior; (2) Prosocial peers played a mediating role between positive parenting and prosocial risky behavior in adolescents; (3) Compared with the adolescents in low-risk propensity, the mediating effect of prosocial peers between positive parenting and prosocial risky behavior was significantly enhanced in high-risk propensity adolescents. The results revealed that prosocial peers were the mediating mechanism of positive parenting to promote prosocial risky behavior for high-risk propensity adolescents.

To explore the relationship between social exclusion and malevolent creativity, and the role of coping styles and aggressiveness in it, we adopted the Social Exclusion Scale, Simple Coping Style Questionnaire, Buss-Perry Attack Scale(Chinese Version), and Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale to investigate 863 college students from three universities located in Guangdong province. The results show that:(1) Social exclusion positively predicts malevolent creativity; (2) Negative coping style and aggressiveness play a significant chain role in social exclusion and malevolent creativity; (3) Positive coping style and aggressiveness have no significant chain mediating effect between social exclusion and malevolent creativity. The results of this study reveal the mechanism of social exclusion on college student’s malevolent creativity.

Based on the general strain theory and developmental contextualism, this study explored the relations between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation and its internal mechanism. A total of 1003 adolescents were investigated with questionnaires regarding traditional victimization, cyber victimization, depression, suicidal ideation, and friendship quality. Results showed that: (1) Both traditional victimization and cyber victimization were positively correlated with suicidal ideation; (2) The positive relationships between suicidal ideation and traditional victimization as well as cyber victimization were completely mediated by depression; (3) Friendship quality moderated the mediating effect of depression when the independent variable was cyber victimization, with a stronger relation between cyber victimization and depression at a higher level of friendship quality. However, this moderating effect didn’t exist when the independent variable was traditional victimization. These results suggested that bullying victimization is a risk factor for adolescents’ depression and suicidal ideation. To some extent, friendship quality serves as a protective factor, but it may also be associated with higher depressive symptoms. These results are meaningful for the prevention and intervention of depression and suicide in adolescents.

To explore the roles of age and sense of security in the relationship between educational attainment and physical health among rural middle-aged and elderly adults, this study investigated 1080 older adults from 20 county councils in Hunan Province. Participants completed a sense of security and physical fitness questionnaire with the assistance of trained researchers. The results indicated that educational attainment predicted middle-aged and elderly adults’ health in rural areas. In addition, a sense of security mediated the relationship between educational attainment and health and age moderated the mediating path through security. As the age of middle-aged and older people in rural areas increases, a sense of security was a stronger predictor of physical health. Improving rural middle-aged and elderly adults’ sense of security is of great significance for promoting the health of the rural population, especially for the elderly.

Shidu parents refer to those parents who lost their only children. The death of the only child could endanger the mental health. Therefore, social support from the community might play an important role. Study 1 adopted a qualitative design with in-person interviews on the community support received by Shidu parents from 27 participants. Study 2 adopted a quantitative design using questionnaires to examine the associations between community support and Shidu parents’ mental health from 297 participants. The results of Study 1 indicated that:(1) Shidu parents received three types of support from community, namely material support, emotional support, and service; (2) Main sources of the community supports include the government, social workers in community, and support from the government plays a key role. The results of study 2 suggested that:(1) Regard to the objective support, family support but not community support can directly predict Shidu parents’ mental health; (2) Regard to the subjective support, both community support and family support can directly predict Shidu parents’ mental health; and both can play the role of mediator between objective support and mental health. In conclusion, community support plays important role in sustaining Shidu parents’ mental health, which ensures the government’s policy and practice for helping this vulnerable population. Meanwhile, more concerns need to be focused on Shidu parents’ true needs and subjective feelings of the government supports.

Individuals need to receive a large amount of social information in the process of socialization. Social working memory refers to the memory that temporarily maintain and manipulate social information. Social working memory capacity is not fixed. In addition to the influence of maturity factors, it can also be improved through adaptive training. The effect of training can be transferred to basic cognitive ability and social cognitive ability, thereby improving the individual’s social adaptive behavior. Friend’s name feature words and facial stimuli are commonly used in social working memory training. However, the former requires a relatively high cost of manpower and material resources for customizing materials and is not suitable for large sample research; the latter is difficult to process and is not suitable for children’s research. In contrast, biological motion stimulus not only contains more social information, but also applies to a wider range of age, making it more suitable for training research. Future research can apply training to the field of special education, such as training interventions for children with autism to improve their core symptoms, social working memory deficits, and difficulties in identifying biological motion.

Focusing on the developmental trajectories and influencing factors of cognitive and affective well-being, a three-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 483 junior high school students. Results revealed that: (1) Both cognitive well-being and positive affect showed linear growth trends, and negative affect showed linear decrease trend; (2) Academic achievement significantly predicted the initial level of cognitive and affective well-being and the growth rate of affective well-being. Subjective socioeconomic status significantly predicted the initial level and growth rate of cognitive well-being and positive affect. Academic achievement significantly predicted the initial level and the growth rate of cognitive and affective well-being; (3) Family support had a significant effect on both cognitive well-being and affective well-being, while friend support mainly acted on cognitive well-being and the role of others’ support mainly affected positive affect and cognitive well-being. These findings not only promote our understanding of the development of well-being among junior students in China but provide an empirical foundation for enhancing their well-being from cognitive and affective perspectives.

To explore the relationship between maternal depression and children’s social adjustment, as well as the serial mediating effect of maternal distress reaction to children’s negative emotions and parent-child conflict, the present study randomly selected 205 preschoolers from two kindergartens in Shanghai. The results were as follows: (1) Maternal depression significantly and positively predicted children’s emotional symptoms, and significantly and negatively predicted prosocial behaviors; (2) Maternal distress reaction played a fully mediating effect on the relationship between maternal depression and children’s conduct problems; parent-child conflict had a fully mediating effect on the relationship between maternal depression and children’s hyperactive distraction and conduct problems, and had a partial mediating effect on the relation between maternal depression and emotional symptoms; (3) Maternal distress reaction and parent-child conflict had a serial mediating effect in the relation between maternal depression and children’s hyperactive distractibility, emotional symptoms, and conduct problems. The results further revealed the internal mechanisms of the links between maternal depression and young children's social adjustment.

To explore the relationship between social anxiety, self-control and loneliness of primary school students, a two-wave longitudinal data collection with the time interval of 6 months was conducted. A total of 440 primary school students from Grade 3, 4 and 5 completed a series of questionnaires concerning self-control, loneliness and social anxiety in their classrooms. The results showed that: (1) Self-control T1 had a significant negative effect of predication on loneliness T2; (2) Loneliness T1 had a significant positive effect of predication on social anxiety T2; (3) Loneliness had a longitudinal mediating effect on the relationship between self-control and social anxiety of primary school students. In conclusion, the improvement of self-control ability among primary school students can reduce their loneliness, and the reduction of loneliness can further alleviate their social anxiety.

This study investigated the relationship relatienship between peer rejection and externalizing behaviors one year later, and examining the direct and the moderating effects of school assets and gender on the relationship. A survey research method was adopted in which the peer nomination procedure, school assets questionnaires, teacher’s report form were administered to 1169 adolescents (M_age = 12.59) were followed from Grade 7 to Grade 8. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that: (1) After controlling district and T1 externalizing behaviors, peer rejection significantly positively predicted T2 externalizing behaviors; (2) Peer rejection significantly positively predicted T2 externalizing behaviors when adolescents had low levels of school assets; Peer rejection positively predicted boys’ T2 externalizing behaviors; (3) School assets moderated the relationship between peer rejection and T2 externalizing behaviors, and the moderating effect varied according to adolescents’ gender. Specifically, peer rejection predicted boys’ T2 externalizing behaviors when school assets were low. The results reveal the protective effect of school assets on externalizing behaviors of boys who are rejected by peers, and suggest that it is necessary to provide adequate school assets for those boys with disadvantaged peers.

Research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a trending topic in the field of cognitive neuroscience and developmental psychology. Prior literature has demonstrated the wide-ranging, long-lasting impact of ACEs on human development. Disentangling the effects of ACEs could improve the understanding of the developmental mechanisms contributing to child and youth development. In recent years, scholars have turned to exploring the neurophysiological mediating-mechanisms between ACEs and developmental outcomes, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system and brain structure and functions that are saliently pertinent to children and adolescents’ psychological, behavioral, and academic development. To delve into the impact of ACEs on psychopathology, in this review article, we begin with a review of theoretical frameworks on ACEs and child and youth development, including the classic specificity models of adversity, the cumulative risk model, and the recently developed dimensional model of adversity and psychopathology. We also present the current evidence for the links between ACEs and the HPA axis and brain structure and functions, as well as discuss the roles of essential protective factors in these associations. We call attention to addressing the knowledge gaps in research on ACEs and psychopathology, such as proposing more precise definitions and categories of adversity, unpacking the complexity and comprehensiveness of the impact of specific features of adversity (e.g., timing, duration, severity), and focusing more on the multifaceted, long-lasting effects of ACEs on child and youth development. Finally, we propose a conceptual model of the neurophysiological mediating-mechanisms linking ACEs and developmental outcomes, as well as underscore future directions for work continuing to address how ACEs and multiple neurophysiological systems shape human development.

To investigate the relationship between inhibitory control ability and the continued influence effect of misinformation and the variables of information relevance that influence this relationship, 135 participants in the age range of 18～25 years were recruited voluntarily to participate in the experiment through advertising on university campuses. This study grouped participants using an experimental task that directly measured the inhibitory ability of individuals, and further distinguished the relevance of the experimental materials in the CIEM paradigm. The results found that differences in individual inhibitory ability led to differences in misinformation retraction, with the high inhibitory ability group being able to retract the previous misinformation better, while the retraction effect of the low inhibitory ability group varied with the degree of information relevance. The results suggest that the failure of the inhibitory process is also based on the differences in the information relevance. The findings provide more direct experimental evidence for the theory of retrieval failure of the CIEM and further refine it. It provides a support and reference for the correction process of knowledge in education and teaching.

Based on the perspective of implicit social cognition, the present study examined the spontaneous inferences of children with long-term exposure to parental corporal punishment by using a probe recognition paradigm. In experiment 1, when children were presented with behavior sentences that imply both trait and situation, children with long-term exposure to corporal punishment (CP-exposed group), as well as children with low exposure to corporal punishment (control group) were inclined to spontaneously infer traits rather than situation. Experiment 2 was designed to further examine the interactive effects of parental corporal punishment and emotional cue on the valence effect of spontaneous trait inferences by using behavior sentences that imply positive or negative trait. The results of experiment 2 revealed that CP-exposed group exhibited positive bias in spontaneous trait inferences in anger cue condition, but they did not make spontaneous trait inferences in neutral cue condition. In both anger and neutral cue conditions, control group did not make spontaneous trait inferences. The findings of the present study indicate that long-term experience of parental corporal punishment has significant influences on children’s spontaneous inferences.

The present study examined whether parent-child relationships interact with the CLOCK rs1801260 polymorphism to contribute to children’s prosocial behaviors. The saliva of 694 preschoolers (M_age = 5.06, SD = 0.87) was extracted to genotype the CLOCK rs1801260 polymorphism, and children’s parents were invited to complete questionnaires to assess parent-child relationships and children’s prosocial behaviors. After controlling for age and family socioeconomic status, the results indicated that parent-child closeness was positively while parent-child conflict was negatively related to preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors, and the significant interaction effect of parent-child conflict and the CLOCK rs1801260 polymorphism was found in boys but not girls. Compared with C allele carriers, boys with TT genotype developed more prosocial behaviors under the condition of lower parent-child conflict while fewer prosocial behaviors under the condition of higher parent-child conflict. The findings of the present study expand our knowledge about the G×E underpinnings of children’s prosocial behaviors.

This study examined the effects of peer selection and peer influence on bullying behavior among primary school students and the role of popularity and perceived bullying acceptability. We conducted two waves of investigations among 719 primary school students in Sichuan Province at an interval of half a year. The results showed that: (1) The homogeneity of bullying among peers originated from peer influence rather than peer selection; (2) The moderating effect of popularity was not significant in the peer selection process; (3) The moderating effect of popularity was marginally significant in the peer influence process, and the bullying behavior of individuals with high popularity was more likely to be influenced by their peers; (4) In the peer influence process, the mediating effect of perceived bullying acceptability was significant. The results of this study emphasize the important role of peer influence in primary school students’ bullying and the mechanisms of popularity and perceived bullying acceptability in the process of peer influence, which have guiding implications for interventions of primary school students’ bullying behavior.