失独父母的社区支持现状及其与心理健康的关系

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2024.05.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 失独群体缺乏来自家庭的支持,可能面临一系列心理问题,因此来自外部社区的支持非常关键。研究一以北京心灵家园的27位失独父母为样本,通过访谈和编码的方式分析了失独群体的社区支持来源、类别及感受;研究二以297名失独老人为对象, 采取问卷法比较了主客观社会支持和失独群体心理健康的关系。质性访谈结果表明,失独群体接受的社区支持形式包括物质、情感、服务三类,主要支持来源为政府、社区服务人员以及其他失独人员,其中政府支持起着十分重要的作用;量化研究结果发现,在客观支持与心理健康指标的关联性上,社区支持不显著而家庭支持显著;在主观支持与心理健康的关联性上,社区支持和家庭支持都有显著关联,且都能中介客观家庭支持的预测效应。总的来说,社区支持对于失独家庭的积极作用不可忽视,应鼓励政府和社会继续为失独群体提供帮助;同时在此过程中,失独老人的主观感受应该得到重视。

关键词: 失独, 社会支持, 社区支持, 心理健康, 老年人

Abstract: Shidu parents refer to those parents who lost their only children. The death of the only child could endanger the mental health. Therefore, social support from the community might play an important role. Study 1 adopted a qualitative design with in-person interviews on the community support received by Shidu parents from 27 participants. Study 2 adopted a quantitative design using questionnaires to examine the associations between community support and Shidu parents’ mental health from 297 participants. The results of Study 1 indicated that:(1) Shidu parents received three types of support from community, namely material support, emotional support, and service; (2) Main sources of the community supports include the government, social workers in community, and support from the government plays a key role. The results of study 2 suggested that:(1) Regard to the objective support, family support but not community support can directly predict Shidu parents’ mental health; (2) Regard to the subjective support, both community support and family support can directly predict Shidu parents’ mental health; and both can play the role of mediator between objective support and mental health. In conclusion, community support plays important role in sustaining Shidu parents’ mental health, which ensures the government’s policy and practice for helping this vulnerable population. Meanwhile, more concerns need to be focused on Shidu parents’ true needs and subjective feelings of the government supports.

Key words: Shidu, social support, community support, mental health, older adult

中图分类号:

B844

艾美杉, 刘玺, 王大华. 失独父母的社区支持现状及其与心理健康的关系[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(5): 720-728.

AI Meishan, LIU Xi, WANG Dahua. Shidu Parents’ Community Support and Its Association with Mental Health[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(5): 720-728.

参考文献

Chen, Y., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults: An analysis of the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(2), 141-161.
Chi, I., & Chou, K.-L. (2001). Social support and depression among elderly Chinese people in Hong Kong.The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52(3), 231-252.
Dyregrov, A., & Gjestad, R. (2011). Sexuality following the loss of a child.Death Studies, 35(4), 289-315.
Ellison, P. T., & Gray, P. B. (2009).Endocrinology of social relationships. Harvard University Press.
Gardner, P. J. (2011). Natural neighborhood networks—Important social networks in the lives of older adults aging in place.Journal of Aging Studies, 25(3), 263-271.
Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [white paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
Helgeson, V. S. (1993). Two important distinctions in social support: Kind of support and perceived versus received.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(10), 825-845.
Muramatsu, N., Hoyem, R. L., Yin, H., & Campbell, R. T. (2008).Place of death among older Americans: Does state spending on home- and community-based services promote home death? Medical Care, 46(8), 829-838.
Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the Social Support Deterioration Deterrence Model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 498-511.
Ploeg, J., Denton, M., Tindale, J., Hutchison, B., Brazil, K., Akhtar-Danesh, N., … Plenderleith, J. M. (2009). Older adults’ awareness of community health and support services for dementia care.Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 28(4), 359-370.
Rostila, M., Saarela, J., & Kawachi, I. (2012). Mortality in parents following the death of a child: A nationwide follow-up study from Sweden.Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 66(10), 927-933.
Rubin, S. S., & Malkinson, R. (2001).Parental response to child loss across the life cycle: Clinical and research perspectives. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 219-240). American Psychological Association.
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age.Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 561-576.
Townley, G., Miller, H. & Kloos, B. (2013). A little goes a long way: The impact of distal social support on community integration and recovery of individuals with psychiatric disabilities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52, 84-96.
Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding thelinks between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236-255.
Utz, R. L., Swenson, K. L., Caserta, M., Lund, D., & deVries, B. (2014). Feeling lonely versus being alone: Loneliness and social support among recently bereaved persons.Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(1), 85-94.
Walen, H. R., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Social support and strain from partner, family, and friends: Costs and benefits for men and women in adulthood.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 5-30.
Wang, Z., & Xu, J. (2017). Association between resilience and quality of life in Wenchuan Earthquake Shidu parents: The mediating role of social support.Community Mental Health Journal, 53(7), 859-863.
Wei, Y., Jiang, Q., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2016). The well-being of bereaved parents in an only-child society.Death Studies, 40(1), 22-31.
Xu, J., Wang, Z., & Sun, Y. (2017). Indelible grief: Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Shidu parents 6 years after the Wenchuan earthquake.Current Psychology, 36(3), 675-682.
Yan, Y., Xin, T., Wang, D., & Tang, D. (2014). Application of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Chinese Version (GAI-CV) to older people in Beijing communities.International Psychogeriatry, 26(3), 517-523.
Yin, Q., Shang, Z., Zhou, N., Wu, L., Liu, G., Yu, X., … Liu, W. (2018). An investigation of physical and mental health consequences among Chinese parents who lost their only child.BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1621-2
Youngblut, J. M., Brooten, D., Cantwell, G. P., del Moral, T., & Totapally, B. (2013). Parent health and functioning 13 months after infant or child NICU/PICU death.Pediatrics, 132(5), 1295-1301.
安民兵. (2014). 马斯洛需要理论视阈下的失独中老年人个案调查分析. 中国老年学杂志, (02), 469-471.
曹贤才, 白蕊, 王大华, 王岩.(2015).失独老年人心理健康状况及相关因素的研究[摘要].见第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展(pp.1096-1097).中国心理学会.
陈长香, 冯丽娜, 李淑杏, 赵雅宁, 李建民. (2014). 家庭及社会支持对城乡老年人心理健康影响的研究——以河北省城乡老年人调查为例. 医学与哲学: 人文社会医学版, (2), 30-33.
崔柳. (2011). 城市空巢老人社区养老服务需求与对策研究 (博士学位论文). 广西师范大学, 桂林.
方曙光. (2013). 社会支持理论视域下失独老人的社会生活重建. 国家行政学院学报, (4), 104-108.
李德明, 陈天勇, 李海峰. (2009). 中国社区为老服务及其对老年人生活满意度的影响. 中国老年学杂志, 29(19), 2513-2515.
李妍, 马丽萍. (2016). 北京市失独老人心理健康与社会支持现状调查. 人力资源管理, (1), 159-160.
辜子寅. (2016). 我国独生子女及失独家庭规模估计——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析. 常熟理工学院学报, (1), 83-89.
吕华. (2012). 我国农村精神病患者防治社区支持模式构建研究 (硕士学位论文). 华东理工大学,上海.
孙杰. (2016). 唐山市空巢老人心理健康问题及对策研究 (硕士学位论文). 西南交通大学,成都.
唐丹. (2013). 简版老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)在中国老年人中的使用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 21(3), 402-405.
汪向东,王希林,马弘. (1999). 心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)(pp. 131-133,284-286). 北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,
肖水源.(1994).《社会支持评定量表》的理论基础与研究应用.临床精神医学杂志, 4(2), 98-100.
姚远. (2003). 非正式支持:应对北京市老龄问题的重要方式. 北京社会科学, (4), 71-76.
张建凤, 李志菊, 王惠明, 王芳云, 江梅, 汪星. (2011). 社区护理干预对合肥市空巢老人生活质量的影响. 中华护理杂志, 46(6), 548-551.
张磊, 李良寿, 范凤美, 黄久仪. (2002). 老年人社会支持情况与生命质量关系的研究. 中国行为医学科学, (1), 86-88.
赵晓航, 李建新. (2019). 丧偶对老年人孤独感的影响: 基于家庭支持的视角. 人口学刊, 41(6), 30-43.
周达生, 虞煜星, 姜宗濂, 徐淮城, 吴伟, 陈骏. (1998). 心理创伤对老年人健康长寿影响的研究. 医学与社会, (2), 33-36.

多维度评价

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

[1]	杨明, 辛素飞, 辛自强. 社会支持弱化与倾向避免失败:中国大学生成就动机的代际演变[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(4): 525-535.
[2]	陈紫薇, 黄潇潇, 俞国良. 父母教养行为与儿童心理健康关系的三水平元分析[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(4): 563-576.
[3]	范兴华, 靳嘉宁, 燕利飞, 李潇潼, 邓汇溪. 留守困境对初中儿童个人成长主动性发展的影响:社会支持的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(3): 427-436.
[4]	李金凤, 詹洁辰, 王大华. 情绪唤醒度对老年人健康谣言转发意愿的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(2): 202-211.
[5]	丁越, 刘力嘉, 寇彧. 互联网时代的大学生人际关系满意度:线上积极反馈与感知社会支持的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(1): 39-49.
[6]	曹贤才, 张浩, 周博霖, 陈宪涛, 崔晨虹, 吴捷. 影响老年人技术接受的因素——基于技术接受模型的元分析[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(6): 799-816.
[7]	赵沐恩, 韩布新, 王大华. 老年人身体健康与依恋长期性变化的联系:六年的追踪研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(5): 663-674.
[8]	牛更枫, 金斯妤, 史晓涵, 杨文城, 周宗奎. 跨越年龄数字鸿沟:老年人互联网使用行为及其促进和阻碍因素[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(5): 740-749.
[9]	田雨, 丁洪君, 郭宗新. 大学新生负性生活事件与手机成瘾的双向关系:领悟社会支持的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(4): 579-588.
[10]	谢莉, 金辉, 王志英, 胡宇飞, 杨喜兰, 席娟. 脱贫内生动力对贫困大学生学习投入的影响:自我控制的中介作用和社会支持的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(3): 386-397.
[11]	李启明, 李琪. 家庭氛围、自尊与心理健康的关系:三年追踪研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(1): 77-85.
[12]	曾子豪, 胡义秋, 彭丽仪, 刘秀茹, 何震, 赵丽莉, 姚星星. 挫败感对青少年心理健康的影响:压力知觉与人际关系的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(6): 865-876.
[13]	向燕辉, 马丽平. 初中生认知与情感幸福感发展趋势及影响因素: 基于潜变量增长模型分析[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(5): 645-657.
[14]	刘啸莳, 曹中平, 俞俊杰, 莫碧波, 吴芸. 受教育水平能促进农村中老年人的身体健康吗？——安全感和年龄的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(5): 729-736.
[15]	余林伟, 李爽, 刘燊, 潘文沛, 徐强, 张林. 老年人模糊表情识别的积极效应及其机制[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(2): 196-206.