Table of Content

15 January 2003, Volume 19 Issue 1

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Friendly Behavior in Children’s Memory and Its Developmental Trend

LI Dan, XIA Fei-ling

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  1-4. 

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The study was designed to examine friendly behavior in the memory of elementary and middle school students by open format questionnaire,self-assessments.The results revealed that relational inclusion behaviour were leading in children's friendly behaviour,accounting for 54.14% of all; but current prosoeial behavior accounted for 20.24% only.So it is very necessary that friendly behaviour is distinguished from prosocial behaviour.Three kinds of friendly behavior of self-assessments increased from grade 4 to grade 6,The result was contrary from grade 6 to grade 8.

Evaluation of Aggressive Behavior Among Preschool Children

CHEN Chang-kai, XU Qin-mei

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  5-8. 

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By means of the evaluation of stories,this study investigates the children's evaluation of aggressive behavior.The result suggests:a) In the age between 3 and 6,the children's cognition and evaluation are influenced by the condition and manner of the aggressive behavior.b) There is a difference between girls and boys'evaluation,and the difference lies in the aggressive behavior under the condition of oral impingement.c) There is a significant difference between children of 5 and 6 years old.

Psychological Mechanism of Fair Distributive Behavior upon Toys for Children Aged 5-6

WANG Xiao-yan, CHEN Hui-chang

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  9-13. 

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The research is in intent to explore the psychological mechanism of fair distribution behavior upon toys in the play of indergarten children aged 5-6,on the basis of structured interview and expirical method.The participants are 66 elder kindergarten children.The finding is stated below:(1) the mode of behavior of the toy distribution is divided into three types,fair(20%),unfair(20%),unstable(60%).This implies that age 5-6 is a critical period for nurturing the behavior of collaboration,sharing-with-others,altruism;(2) the participants are able to make self-evaluation accurately not only to the fair behavior conducted,but also the supposed,i.e.,avoid conducting the bad behavior in order not to affect sound self-image,and thereby the psychological mechanism of stable fair behavior is taking the shape;(3) the internalization of morality in self-concept and self-image is valued much.The morality practices in activities therein evaluating self and others'behavior is an effective education measure for the promotion of internalization.

Development of Young Children’s Question-asking Under Encouragement Condition

FEI Guang-hong, SHEN Ji-liang

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  14-19. 

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The study aimed to explore the development of young children's question-asking.141 3-6-year-old children selected from seven kindergartens were provided 8 unfamiliar stimulations to be encouraged to ask questions.The result shows:(1) Young children's question-asking increased with age;(2) The numbers of questions which under unfamiliar stimulations were significantly more than under familiar stimulations;(3) The effects of tridimensional stimulations on young children's question-asking were not significant different from the effects of two-dimensional stimulations;(4) 3-6-year-old children's meta-cognition of the reason on asking question increased with age.3 to 4 years old was critical period of meta-cognition of the reason on asking question.

A Study on Development Characteristics of School Children Learning Motivation in Northwest

WANG You-zhi

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  20-24. 

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Learning motivation was studied through questionnaire method among 602 schoolchildren from Grade 2 to Grade 6 in the Northwest.The study shows that:Learning motivation gradually increases in the following order:affiliation,prestige,cognition and achievement motivation and achievement motivation is dominant in learning motivation of schoolchildren.And the four kinds of motivation factors have some difference in the city and countryside,grades and sex.The study indicates that during the education reform we should pay more attention to the problem of learning mot ivation and improve learning motivation of the schoolchildren at high grades and at the rural areas.

A Study On The Relationship Between Middle School Students’ motivation and Their Assessments of Self-learning Components

ZHANG Hong, WO Jian-zhong

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  25-30. 

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In this study,the possible relations between motivation and assessments of academic self-concept were investigated through more than 10 thousand middle school students in 4 different areas.The result indicates:(1) the students with inner-motivation take little proportions; still lots of students have outer-motivation.(2) The status of assessments of academic self-concept in middle school students are lower than average level,and the students believe their abilities in test are more powerful than in class or out of class,and(3) the students own outer-motivation believe their abilities in test are best,but the students own inner-motivation believe their abilities out of class are best of all other abilities.For the need of learning tasks,some grade students may have inappropriate behaviors out of the motivation type,and when in some special motivation type,the gender opportunities may be appearance.

The Relationship Between Adolescent Personlity, best Friend’s Smoking behavior and Adolescent Smoking Behavior

LIN Dan-hua, FANG Xiao-yi

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  31-36. 

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1042 7^th to 12^th graders from one key middle school and one general school in Beijing,China were selected to explore the relationship between adolescent personlity,best friend's smoking behavior and adolescent smoking behavior.The subjects were asked to report their self-esteem,self-efficacy,motivation to comply,stress,their own smoking behavior and best friends'smoking behavior on an anonymous questionnaire.The results showed:(1) smoking and non-smoking adolescent were significantly different in motivation to comply and self-efficacy.Smoking adolescents reported higher motivation to comply and less self-efficacy than non-smoking adolescents;(2) adolescents'motivation to comply was significantly positively related to best friend'smoking behavior.While adolescents'self-efficacy was significantly negatively related to adolescent smoking behavior;(3) best friend's smoking behavior was significantly related to adolescent smoking behavior;(4) best friend's smoking behavior had direct effect on adolescent smoking behavior,and also indirectly influenced adolescent smoking behavior through self-efficacy and motivation to comply.

Structure Model of Chinese Reading Abilities and Its correlates

MENG Xiang-zhi, LIU Hong-yun, ZHOU Xiao-lin, MENG Qing-mao

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  37-43. 

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This study invest igated Chinese children's reading abilities and its relations with related factors.Reliability and viability was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis.Structure model analysis found that character recognition has influences on written language comprehension and writing skills,meanwhile the latter two have significant influences on written laguage expression.Family reading background has influences on oral language ability and character recognition,oral language ability has influences on meaning comprehension and character recognition,basic perceptual processing has influences on oral language and character recognition,motor skills influences written skills.These results indicate that character recognition,written skills and meaning comprehension all has influences on written expression.Oral language ability,family reading background,basic perceptual processing and motor skills have influences on reading's different component.Age and sex characteristics are also analyzed.

Cognitive Inhibition and Its Development in Directed Forgetting

HUANG Hong qing, ZHANG Wei

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  44-48. 

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Inhibitory processing is an emerging theme in recent psychology and cognitive sciences.To explore the mechanism and development of directed forgetting effect,totally 104 subjects from grade 2 and 5 and college participated in a directed forgetting task,in which used a blocked-cuing procedure.The results indicated:(1) all age subjects demonstrated the directed forgetting effect.(2) Both retrieval inhibition and selective rehearsal played a role in directed forgetting effect,although there may be a different processing mechanism in younger children.(3) The different age groups demonstrated significant different level of inhibitory processing.The second graders showed partial inhibitory ability,the fifth graders showed bett er inhibitory ability,and the college students showed quite better inhibition than the fifth graders.

A Investigation on Mathematical Realistic Problems

LIU Ru-de, CHEN Hong-yan

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  49-54. 

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A test consisting of 12 mathematic word problems which were problematic from a realistic point of view was administered to 148 students from the fourth and the sixth grade.The results show that 1) only one-fourth students solved problems from realistic point of view,an half of students show a strong tendency to exclude real-world knowledge from their solutions; 2) the sixth grade's realistic consideration on these problems is better than the fourth grade's,however,the standard solution on some problems in sixth grade was more than in fourth grade; 3) students'reaction to different kinds of problems is different.

Effects of Subgoal Encoding of Examples on the Use of Principle in New Problem Solving

XING Qiang, MO Lei

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  55-59. 

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Three experiments had been done to examine the effect of subgoal encoding of examples on the use of principle and generalization in new problem solving.The findings showed that it was the encoding subgoal of steps of worked example that overcame the surface content effects on the use of principle,which was caused by the modification of the superficial story lines and superficial roles correspondence between examples and problems.In encoding subgoal of steps of worked example,the participants could develop the generalization of the example during the learning,so the modification of the superficial story lines and superficial roles correspondence between examples and problems had little effect on the use of principle.

Study on Arithmetic Word Problems Representation Strategies of Primary Students

LU Hai-Dong, DONG Yan

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  60-63. 

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The study examined the arithmetic word problems representation strategies of primary students.The experiment is mixed design.The between factor is successful or unsuccessful and cued or uncued,the within factor is consistency problem or inconsistency problem.The results indicated that students represented total-subtrahend problems also had direct translation strategy and problem model strategy,which were the same as compare problem.Unsuccessful students are inclined to use direct translation strategy and successful students are inclined to use problem model strategy,especially on the inconsistency problem.Provided cue didn't change the representation strategies.Successful students performed better than the unsuccessful students in self-evaluate of problem solving.

The Effect of Cognition Training on Different Kinds of Test Anxiety

TIAN Bao, GUO De-jun

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  64-69. 

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The field-experiment study was designed to confirm the effect of cognition training on the three kinds of test anxiety,which are cognition-dominated test anxiety(Type C),arousal-dominated test anxiety(Type A) and skill-lack-dominated test anxiety(Type S).The subjects are 163 students in the grade one of high middle school.The results are:cognition training can decrease the state test anxiety of the Type C,Type A,Type S and increase the test performance of Type C,Type P.Particularly,the effect is very significant on Type C.Cognition training showes no effect on the test performance of Type S.

The Role of Rational Emotive Education on Mental Health of Middle School Students

LIU Xuan wen, LIANG Yi bo

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  70-75. 

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Objective:To study the positive effect of rational emotive education on developing the self-concept of students,enhancing the stability of emotion,and promoting their mental heath.Method:92 students of grade 8 in Huayuan J unior Middle School were selected as the sample.46 were in the study class,who received half years of rational emotive education,the other 46 students were in the control class who received normal education.The study class used a self-designed teaching material once a weel.At the last,SCL-90,Tennessee Self-concept Scale,and Aishenke Emotion Stability Scale were used to evaluate the effect.Results:Rational emotive education is helpful in improving self-concept,emotion stability,and mental health of student; Rational emotive education meet the need of the growing teen-age.

Systematic Group Counseling Experimental Research on Improving Children’s Peer Relationship

LI Wen-quan, LI Hui, LIU Chun-yan

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  76-79. 

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The research transplanted ideas and techniques of systematic family therapy to school situations.5 disliked children was intervened with group counseling activities in the experiment class.Experiment result indicated that the disliked children'social distance was evidently improved.The introduced systematic idea and the atmosphere of positive tropism have special effect on peer relationship counseling.

Job burnout and the factors related to it among middle school teachers

ZHAO Yu-fang, BI Chong-zeng

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  80-84. 

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Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job,and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion,cynicism,and inefficacy.A number of studies on burnout have focused specifically on the teaching profession due to the fact that this profession is one of the largest and most visible professions in society and recognition of the extreme demands and pressures which teachers often confront.This study examined the burnout and factors relating to levels of job burnout with Maslach &Jackson MBI(1993) in a sample of 190 middle school teachers at Chongqing and Sichuan 4 middle schools.The results showed that:(1) the middle school teacher's burnout is not serious on the whole.(2) these teachers with 6-10 years job experience recorded significantly higher scores on the MBI than others.(3) the title of professional post is the important factor related to the levels of job burnout(4) gender,whether the school is important,and whether he is the class in charge don't effect the score of burnout significantly.

The Limitations in the Research of Children’s Bullying Problem and the Prospect for Further Research

GU Chuan-hua, ZHANG Wen-xin, QIN Li-li

Psychological Development and Education. 2003, 19(1):  85-88. 

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This paper first discusses the status quo of the research of children's bullying problems,and makes a brief analysis of limitations existing in the related research which include theoretical problems such as the definition of bullying,the systematic nature and adaptive significance of bullying,and methodological problems such as in concrete research methods,the selection of participants and research design.Based on this,the paper proposes the suggestion and makes prospects for further research.