“我的”最重要:儿童自我源判断能力的发展早于他人

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.06.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 自我参照范式是探索自我认知发展的重要范式，找到一个可靠方法获得一份稳定结果一直是儿童研究的重点和难点。研究以3岁至5岁儿童作为研究对象，通过所有权参照进行编码、图片再认和源判断进行检测。为了结果的稳定可靠，每位儿童需要参加4次测验。结果显示，图片再认上4岁、5岁儿童出现自我参照效应，源判断上3岁、4岁儿童出现自我参照效应。对源判断结果分析发现，自我参照成绩在各年龄组间保持不变、他人参照成绩随年龄增长逐渐提高，二者发展趋势的差异是5岁儿童源判断上没有自我参照效应的主要原因。以上结果说明，3~5岁儿童普遍存在自我参照效应，但测验方法会影响该效应的表现年龄；其次，自我源判断能力的发展早于他人，3~5岁之间他人源判断能力是在持续提高的；另外，4次测验间的比较证明，源判断测验较之再认具有更好的稳定性。

关键词: 儿童, 自我参照记忆, 所有权, 源判断

Abstract: The concept of the self has been used to interpret how we interact with the world and think about both our own behavior and the behavior of others. A key but controversial question is when self-concept development begins. However, direct evidence of this question is limited due to different tasks in the studies of self-reference effect (SRE). As a result, identifying a suitable method for developmental research in the field of self is vital. This was the aim of the present study.We tested three age groups (3, 4 and 5 year olds) in a SRE task in which ownership-referential judgments were used during encoding stage and then recognition and source judgments were underwent. There were four testing sessions within individuals in order to examine the stability of test-retest, and each two sessions took place one week apart.The results showed that 4-and 5-year-old children had a SRE in recognition, while 3-and 4-year-old children demonstrated the SRE in source memory. Follow-up analyses further revealed that the source memory maintained in the self-condition across three age groups but their performance in the other condition enhanced with age. These results indicate that the self-concept may emerge earlier than the concept of others. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Key words: children, self-referential effect in memory, ownership, source memory

中图分类号:

B844

王海旭, 刘明慧, 叶宇坤, 隋洁. “我的”最重要:儿童自我源判断能力的发展早于他人[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2018, 34(6): 641-648.

WANG Haixu, LIU Minghui, YE Yukun, SUI Jie. “Mine” is the Most Important: the Development of Self Source -Judgment for Children is Earlier than Other's[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2018, 34(6): 641-648.

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