汶川地震8.5年后青少年身心状况研究

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.01.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 汶川地震8.5年后，对地震极重灾区的2291名青少年进行问卷调查，考察其创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、抑郁、创伤后成长（PTG）和生活满意度等身心反应的现状及其共存形态。结果发现：（1）地震发生8.5年后4.75%的青少年有明显的PTSD症状，29.98%的青少年有明显的抑郁症状，其中女生、少数民族学生、高年级学生的症状水平更高；46.13%的青少年报告其出现了明显的PTG，其中女生和少数民族学生的PTG水平更高；青少年的生活满意度较低，其中初一年级显著高于其他年级，但性别和民族差异不显著；（2）青少年的PTSD与抑郁呈显著正相关、与生活满意度呈显著负相关、与PTG相关不显著，抑郁与PTG和生活满意度呈显著负相关，PTG与生活满意度呈显著正相关；（3）青少年的PTSD、抑郁、PTG和生活满意度之间具有共存的形态，具体表现为成长组（32.6%）、低症状组（39.4%）、症状-成长共存组（5.8%）、中等症状共病组（17.8%）和高度症状共病组（4.4%）等5种类别。

关键词: 汶川地震, 青少年, 创伤后应激障碍(PTSD), 抑郁, 创伤后成长(PTG), 生活满意度

Abstract: In eight and a half years after Wenchuan earthquake, a survey on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and life satisfaction was conducted on junior school and high school students in the severely-stricken areas by the earthquake. The results showed that the level of adolescents' PTSD and depression were comparatively high, the prevalence of PTSD and depressive symptoms was 4.75% and 29.98%, among which girls, minority nationality and senior students were high risk populations. About 46.13% of adolescents had pronounced growth, girls and minority adolescents had higher levels of PTG. There had significant difference in grade of life satisfaction; students in first grade of junior school had higher levels of life satisfaction than other grades. PTSD was positively associated with depression and negatively associated with life satisfaction. Depression was negatively associated with PTG and life satisfaction. PTG was positively associated with life satisfaction. There is no significant correlation between PTSD and PTG. Latent profile analysis showed that a 5-class fitted the data best. The 5 pattern groups were named as ‘growth group’(32.6%), ‘coexistence group’(5.8%), ‘low symptoms group’(39.4%), ‘middle symptoms group’(17.8%) and ‘high symptoms group’(4.4%) respectively.

Key words: Wenchuan earthquake, adolescents, PTSD, depression, PTG, life satisfaction

伍新春, 王文超, 周宵, 陈秋燕, 林崇德. 汶川地震8.5年后青少年身心状况研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2018, 34(1): 80-89.

WU Xinchun, WANG Wenchao, ZHOU Xiao, CHEN Qiuyan, LIN Chongde. Investigation on Mental Health State of Adolescents after 8.5 Years of Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2018, 34(1): 80-89.

参考文献

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA:American Psychiatric Association.

An, Y., Fu, F., Wu, X., Lin, C., & Zhang, Y. (2013). Longitudinal relationships between neuroticism, avoidant coping, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents following the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 18(6), 556-571.

Arnberg, F. K., Johannesson, K. B., & Michel, P. O. (2013). Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors six years after a natural disaster. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(3), 347-352.

Au, T. M., Dickstein, B. D., Comer, J. S., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault:A latent profile analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1-3), 209-216.

Belle, D. (1991). Gender differences in the social moderators of stress. In A. Monat & R. S. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and coping:Ananthology (pp. 258-274). New York:Columbia University Press

Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience:Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.

Butler, L. D., Blasey, C. M., Garlan, R. W., Mccaslin, S. E., Azarow, J., & Chen, X. H., et al. (2005). Posttraumatic growth following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001:Cognitive, coping, and trauma symptom predictors in an internet convenience sample. Traumatology, 11(4), 247-267.

Chen, J., & Wu, X. (2017). Postraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents following an earthquake:A latent profile analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 23-29.

Cho, D., & Park, C. L. (2013).Growth following trauma:Overview and current status. Terapia Psicológica, 31(1), 69-79.

Cryder, C. H., Kilmer, R. P., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2006). An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 65-69.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.

Fan, F., Long, K., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., & Liu, X. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2885-2896.

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources:A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.

Jia, Z., Tian, W., He, X., Liu, W., Jin, C., & Ding, H. (2010). Mental health and quality of life survey among child survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Quality of Life Research, 19(9), 1381-1391.

Jia, X., Ying, L., Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Lin, C. (2015).The effects of extraversion, social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Plos One, http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0121480

Karaman, M. A., Nelson, K. M., & Vela, J. C. (2017).The mediation effects of achievement motivation and locus of control between academic stress and life satisfaction in undergraduate students. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling,(2), 1-10.

Karatzias, T., Chouliara, Z., Power, K., Brown, K., Begum, M., Mcgoldrick, T., & MacLean, R. (2013). Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 22(6), 501-508.

Kukihara, H., Yamawaki, N., Uchiyama, K., Arai, S., & Horikawa, E. (2014). Trauma, depression, and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono, Fukushima, Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(7), 524-533.

Laufer, A., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 429-447.

Leung, J. P., & Leung, K. (1992).Life satisfaction, self-concept, and relationship with parents in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21(6), 653-665.

Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Cooper, R., Harris, S., & Meyer, C. (2003). Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 481-485.

Liu, D., Fu, L., Jing, Z., & Chen, C. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder and it's predictors among Tibetan adolescents 3 years after the high-altitude earthquake in China. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 593-599. Margolin, G., Ramos, M. C., & Guran, E. L. (2010). Earthquakes and children:The role of psychologists with families and communities. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 41(1), 1-9.

Meyerson, D. A., Grant, K. E., Carter, J. S., & Kilmer, R. P. (2011). Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents:A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 949-964.

Nelson, S. D. (2011). The posttraumatic growth path:An emerging model for prevention and treatment of trauma-related behavioral health conditions. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 21(1), 1-42.

Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007).Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 183-204.

Pan, X., Liu, W. Z., Deng, G. H., Liu, T. S., Yan, J., Tang, Y. X., &Xu, M. (2015). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1985-NP1994.

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172.

Proeeitt, D., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2007). Judeo-Christian clergy and personal crisis:Religion, posttraumatic growth and wellbeing. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(2), 219-230.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.

Salcioglu, E., & Basoglu, M. (2008). Psychological effects of earthquakes in children:Prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World Journal of Pediatrics, 4(3), 165-172.

Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5(1), 475-492.

Shi, X., Nancy, X., Zhou, Y., Geng, F., & Fan, F. (2016). Depressive symptoms and associated psychosocial factors among adolescent survivors 30 months after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake:A follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychology, http//doi. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467

Siqveland, J., Nygaard, E., Hussain, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Heir, T. (2015). Posttraumatic growth, depression and posttraumatic stress in relation to quality of life in tsunami survivors:A longitudinal study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13(1), 1-8.

Taylor, S. E., & Brown, S. E. (1994). Positive illusions and wellbeing revisited:Separating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 21-27.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory:Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.

Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder:A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959-992.

Triplett, K. N., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Reeve, C. L. (2012). Posttraumatic growth, meaning in life, and life satisfaction in response to trauma. Psychological Trauma:Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(4), 400-410.

Wang, L., Zhang, Y. Q., Wang, W. Z., Shi, Z. B., Shen, J. H.,& Li, M., et al. (2009). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 444-450.

Wang, W., Fu, W., Wu, J., Ma, X., Sun, X., & Huang, Y., et al. (2012).Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Plos One, http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0041665

Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. Retrieved, from http://www.ptsd.va.gov

Xu, J., & Liao, Q. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1), 274-280.

Ying, L., Lin, C., Wu, X., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., & An, Y. (2014). Trauma severity and control beliefs as predictors of posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychological Trauma:Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(2), 192-198.

Ying, L. H., Wu, X. C., & Lin, C. D. (2012). Longitudinal linkages between depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China:A three-wave, cross-lagged study. School Psychology International, 33(4), 416-432.

Ying, L., Wu, X., Lin, C., & Jiang, L. (2014).Traumatic severity and trait resilience as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Plos One, http//doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0089401

Zhou, Y., Han, Q., & Fan, F. (2016). Latent growth curves and predictors of depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescent earthquake survivors. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 173-178.

Zhou, X., Wu, X. C., & Zhen, R. (2017a). Assessing the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD among Chinese adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 254, 33-39.

Zhou, X., Wu, X. C., & Zhen, R. (2017b). Patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China:A latent profile analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, http//10.1002/jts.22246

Zhang, Z., Ran, M. S., Li, Y. H., Ou, G. J., Gong, R. R., & Li, R. H., et al. (2012). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the wenchuan earthquake in china. Psychological Medicine, 42(8), 1687-1693.

安媛媛, 臧伟伟, 伍新春, 林崇德, 周佶. (2011). 创伤暴露程度对中学生创伤后成长的影响:复原力的调节作用. 心理科学, 34(3), 727-732.

陈万芬, 张大均, 潘彦谷, 罗世兰, 刘广增. (2017). 青少年父母依恋与生活满意度的关系:心理素质的中介作用. 心理学探新, 37(4), 352-357.

陈正根, 张雨青, 刘寅, 张宁, 吴坎坎. (2011). 不同民族创伤后应激反应模式比较的质性研究——汶川地震后对羌汉幸存者的访谈分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 19(04), 503-507.

范方, 耿富磊, 张岚, 朱清. (2011). 负性生活事件、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍症状:对汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究. 心理学报, 43(12), 1398-1407.

林崇德, 伍新春, 张宇迪, 臧伟伟, 周宵, 戴艳. (2013). 汶川地震30个月后中小学生的身心状况研究. 心理发展与教育, 29(6), 631-640.

李松蔚, 王文余, 钱铭怡, 高隽, 王雨吟, 邓晶. (2010). 对震后灾区初中生创伤后成长情况的调查. 西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 29(5), 6-10.

伍新春, 周宵, 陈杰灵, 曾旻. (2015). 主动反刍、创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长的关系:一项来自汶川地震后青少年的长程追踪研究. 心理发展与教育, 31(3), 334-341.

伍新春, 周宵, 陈杰灵, 曾旻, 田雨馨. (2016). 社会支持、主动反刍与创伤后成长的关系:基于汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究. 心理科学, 39(3), 735-740.

杨文辉, 熊戈. (2016). 常用抑郁量表筛查我国青少年抑郁的效度和划界分. 中国临床心理学杂志, 24(6), 1010-1015.

章婕, 吴振云, 方格, 李娟, 韩布新, 陈祉妍. (2010). 流调中心抑郁量表全国城市常模的建立. 中国心理卫生杂志, 24(2), 139-143.

张金凤, 史占彪, 赵品良, 王力. (2012). 汶川震后初中生创伤后成长状况及相关因素. 中国心理卫生杂志, 6(5), 357-362.

周宵, 安媛媛, 伍新春, 陈和琼, 龙超敏. (2014). 汶川地震三年半后中学生的感恩对创伤后成长的影响:社会支持的中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 30(1), 70-76.

多维度评价

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

[1]	王玉龙, 赵婧斐, 蔺秀云. 家庭风险因素对青少年自伤的累积效应及其性别差异[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(2): 240-247.
[2]	王艳辉, 沈梓锋, 赖雪芬. 父母心理控制与青少年外化问题行为的关系：意志控制和越轨同伴交往的链式中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(2): 248-256.
[3]	肖嘉林, 梁凯欣, 黄柳玥, 王恩娜, 黄巧敏, 何韵涵, 卢宝琳, 迟新丽. 积极发展资源在减少青少年抑郁水平中的累积效应、关系模式及特定资源的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(2): 257-269.
[4]	魏华, 丁慧敏, 陈武, 郝兴风, 熊婕. 父母低头行为与青少年网络欺负的关系：压力的中介作用与年龄的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 114-121.
[5]	邹盛奇, 伍新春. 父母冲突与青少年同伴依恋的关系:亲子依恋的中介作用及性别差异[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(6): 798-807.
[6]	苑媛, 梁周健, 张丽. 结构性校园氛围与中学生抑郁:社会支持的中介作用和性别的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(6): 869-876.
[7]	彭海云, 盛靓, 邱凡硕, 周姿言, 辛素飞. 青少年心理减负从“无聊”开始——无聊倾向对青少年主观幸福感的影响机制[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(6): 895-902.
[8]	何灿, 魏华, 丁倩, 桂勇. 父母工作性通信工具使用对粗暴养育的影响:焦虑抑郁的中介作用与主管支持感的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(6): 903-912.
[9]	刘庆, 冯兰. 父母婚姻质量和青少年同胞关系:教养方式的中介作用及其性别差异[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 654-662.
[10]	刘思含, 伍新春, 王歆逸. 父母教养方式的潜在类别及其与青少年学习投入和焦虑症状的关系[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 673-682.
[11]	沙晶莹, 张向葵, 刘千冬. 人以群分？学业动机比较对青少年同伴选择的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 683-690.
[12]	周晓慧, 刘妍希, 陈欣, 王一集. 父母教育卷入对初中生生活满意度的影响:校内人际关系和学业自我效能感的链式中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 691-701.
[13]	张雯, 王振宏. 负性生活事件与青少年内化问题的关系:社会支持的中介作用和亲子亲和的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 718-725.
[14]	洪新伟, 苗灵童, 范航, 宋明华, 朱婷婷, 刘燊, 张林. 父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为的关系:情绪安全感和学校联结的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 726-734.
[15]	王玉龙, 苏慧娟, 蔺秀云. 青少年自伤的分类:基于潜在剖面分析[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(5): 735-742.