儿童2岁活跃性、自我控制与5年后学校适应——父母养育方式的调节作用

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过5年的追踪，考察儿童早期气质特征对后期社会适应的影响。选取200名2岁儿童，采用实验室观察法评价其气质上的活跃性和自我控制；在其7岁时追踪到125名儿童，请父母报告养育方式、班主任老师评价其社会能力和学业表现。结果表明：（1）儿童2岁时的活跃性对5年后学校适应的预测总体是消极的，并且受父母养育方式调节；父母的高限制和低压制能够抵消活跃性对学习问题和任务定向的消极影响；（2）儿童2岁时的自我控制对于5年后的所有积极学校适应指标（学业成绩、低学习问题、果敢社交、挫折耐受、任务定向）有直接预测作用。这一结果揭示了气质上的活跃性与自我控制在儿童发展过程中的不同作用，父母应根据孩子的气质特点实行差别化教育。

关键词: 活跃性, 自我控制, 父母养育方式, 学校适应, 追踪研究

Abstract: The current study focused on the early temperamental predictors of children's social competence and academic performance in the first year in elementary school. One hundred and twenty-five children at age 2 years were randomly selected in Beijing. We examined their exuberance and self-control through laboratory observations. Academic performance and social competence were assessed using teacher ratings five years later when the participants were in elementary school. Data on parenting behaviors were collected using parental reports. Multiple regression analyses and simple slope analyses revealed a series of findings. First, relations between exuberance and children's school adjustment depended on parenting behaviors. Exuberance negatively predicted children's task orientation and positively predicted learning problems, but only for the children with low scores on parental restriction. Exuberance also negatively predicted children's task orientation for the children with high scores on parental control. Second, self-control at age 2 positively and significantly predicted academic performance and all the indices of social competence at age 7.Our results suggest that parents should encourage their children to exert self-control and help their exuberant children by using low control and high restriction parenting styles.

Key words: exuberance, self-control, parenting behavior, school adjustment, longitudinal study

中图分类号:

B844.1

孙铃, 梁宗保, 陈会昌, 陈欣银. 儿童2岁活跃性、自我控制与5年后学校适应——父母养育方式的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2014, 30(1): 9-15,23.

SUN Ling, LIANG Zong-bao, CHEN Hui-chang, CHEN Xin-yin. Exuberance and Self-Control as Predictors of Social Adjustment 5 Years Later：The Moderating Role of Parenting[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2014, 30(1): 9-15,23.

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