Empathy consists of cognitive empathy and affective empathy. The model of lifespan development of empathy suggests that the development of two components may show different characteristics. Thus, the current research employed a meta-analysis to investigate the characteristics in question. Through literature retrieval, 136 studies and 178 independent effect sizes met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 50606 participants. Funnel plotting, Egger's intercept test, and trim-and-fill test showed no publication bias, and heterogeneity test indicated that a random effects model was appropriate for the meta-analysis. Random effects modelling demonstrated that cognitive empathy was significantly stronger than affective empathy (Z=5.39, p<0.001). A moderator analysis revealed that age moderated the difference (Q_b=73.99,p<0.001). Specifically, affective empathy was the primary component in preschool, cognitive empathy in middle childhood through emerging adulthood, affective empathy again in middle and late adulthood, and puberty saw the strongest difference between cognitive empathy and affective empathy.

It is argued that the brain can process single subliminal stimulus. Furthermore, recent research showed the evidence of an integration between multiple subliminal stimuli. However, as for the high level processing such as semantic word, recently, some studies did not reveal any integration between different words/characters when the words/characters were presented in sequence, but the results showed an integration effect when the words/characters were presented simultaneously. In these studies, the sequentially presented subliminal prime words were displayed at the same location. There is a possibility that the different stimuli presented sequentially at the same spatial position could produce interferential neural activity that might influence the unconscious integration. Therefore, in the present study, the advantage of simultaneous presentation (different spatial presentation positions) was used to investigate whether there can be unconscious semantic integration between different Chinese words presented in sequence. Specifically, two masked Chinese words of same or different categories (fruit or tool) were presented as prime on both sides, followed by two Chinese words also of same or different categories in the target. Participants were asked to judge whether the paired target words were of the same or different categories. The different time interval between the two subliminal prime words was controlled in experiment 1 (0 ms) and in experiment 2 (32ms). In addition, experiment 3 was designed to exclude the visual residue of the first prime word in experiment 1.The results indicated that there existed the unconscious semantic category integration effect in experiment 1. But there was no unconscious semantic category integration effects in experiment 2. Meanwhile, in Experiment 3, no integration effect was observed, which indicated that the unconscious integration effect observed in experiment 1 was promoted by visual residue of the first prime word. Overall, the results of the three experiments revealed that the integration of sequential subliminal semantic information was difficult to occur, and the semantic relation between the two subliminal words could only be unconsciously integrated under the special conditions of simultaneous presentation, suggesting the importance of the short-range temporal window for the unconscious integration of high-level semantic relations.

The present study investigated whether lexical categories affect preattentive color perception when within- and between-category colors are equally discriminable. Four gradual colors (two greens and two blues), with within- and between-category colors equated in the number of just-noticeable differences, were used. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were monitored during a visual oddball task where standard and deviant colored stimuli from the same or different lexical categories were presented. ERPs showed that, within-category deviants evoked a marginal significantly larger vMMN than the between-category deviants when the stimuli were presented in the left visual field (LVF), but no such difference was observed when stimuli were presented in the right visual field (RVF). Further, between-category deviants evoked a significantly larger vMMN when the stimuli were presented in the RVF, but within-category deviants evoked similar vMMNs when the stimuli were presented in different visual fields. These results suggested that lexical categories affect preattentive color perception when within- and between-category colors are equally discriminable, supporting the Whorf Hypothesis.

Early childhood is a key period for cultivating young children's good behavior habits. To examine the mediation of parenting style and preschoolers' psychological suzhi on the relationship between family socioeconomic status and good behavior habits, this study measured 814 children and their parents with questionnaire method. The results showed that:(1) family socioeconomic status was positively correlated with preschoolers' good behavior habits; (2) parenting style and psychological suzhi had a chain-mediated effect between family socioeconomic status and preschoolers' good behavior habits, and the chain-mediated effect of authoritative parenting style and psychological suzhi was significantly stronger than that of authoritarian parenting style and psychological suzhi. Therefore, in order to cultivate preschoolers' good behavior habits, we should pay attention to the selection of parenting style and the development of preschoolers' psychological suzhi.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between passive SNSs use and body image depression in adolescents, as well as underlying mechanisms. Based on social comparison theory and self-discrepancy theory, we used a questionnaire including Surveillance Use Scale, the SNS Appearance Comparison Scale, the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire (BIQ), and Body Image Depression Questionnaire, on 789 high school students from two full-time middle schools in Nanchang and Wuhan. The results indicated that:(1) There were significant correlations between passive SNSs use, appearance-related comparison, appearance self-discrepancy and body image depression in both boys and girls except the correlation between passive SNSs use and appearance self-discrepancy in girls; (2) Appearance-related comparison and appearance self-discrepancy played mediating roles between passive SNSs use and body image depression, and gender differences existed in such mediation effects. In particular, passive SNSs use predicted females' body image depression indirectly through two paths:one was the mediating role of appearance-related comparison; and the other was the mediating role of appearance self-discrepancy. While for males, passive SNSs use predicted body image depression indirectly through different two paths:one was the mediating role of appearance-related comparison; and the other was the chain mediating role of both appearance-related comparison and appearance self-discrepancy. To conclude, this study uncovered the mechanisms underlying the relationship between passive SNSs use and body image depression, and gender difference in indirect paths, which contributed to the understanding of the complex mechanism between social network sites usage and its outcomes.

The present study explored the relationship among shyness, alienation, class psychological environment and mobile phone dependence, by surveying 1077 middle school students from two schools in Shandong province with Shyness Scale, Adolescent Alienation Scale, Class Psychological Environment Scale and Mobile Phone Dependence Index Scale. The results showed that:(1) shyness significantly positively predicted middle school students' mobile phone dependence; (2) alienation fully mediated the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependence; (3) class psychological environment moderated the second path of the mediation. In particular, high class psychological environment reduced the impact of alienation on mobile phone dependence, however, extremely high level of alienation, the class psychological environment intensified the individual's mobile phone dependence. These findings have important theoretical value for understanding the complex mechanism of shyness on mobile phone dependence and have practical implications for preventing and reducing mobile phone dependence.

On the basis of life history theory, this research aims to explore how sex ratios influence unmarried male's unrestricted sociosexual attitudes. Two experiments are carried out to testify the hypothesis that young male's childhood economic background plays a moderating role between the perceived sex ratio in the environment and their unrestricted sociosexual attitudes. Experiment 1 adopted series of facial photo pictures, which was consist of 6 male and 2 female facial photo pictures or 2 male and 6 female ones, as the priming material of different sex ratio.Results indicated that perceived sex ratio and childhood economic status showed a significant interactive effect on male's unrestricted sociosexual attitudes:men with lower level of childhood economic status displayed a higher level of acceptance to casual sexual behaviors when primed with low sex ratio than that primed with high sex ratio; male with higher level of childhood economic background exhibited a stable level of sexual attitudes under different priming conditions. In addition, childhood economic background produced a significant main effect on male's attitude to casual sexual behaviors. The perceived sex ratio did not have a significant main effect on men's unrestricted sociosexual attitudes. Experiment 2 adopted pseudo news reports, which depicted the situation of unbalanced sex ratio (more female or more male) in current China, as the priming materials. The result was similar with that in Experiment 1:Sex ratio and childhood economic status influenced male's unrestricted sociosexual attitudes interactively:Men with poorer childhood economic status showed higher level of acceptance to casual sexual behaviors when primed with low sex ratio in comparison with that of high sex ratio; men with a relatively richer childhood status showed a stable level of acceptance to casual sexual behaviors under both of the perceived unbalanced sex ratio in the background. In addition, childhood economic condition as well as the perceived sex ratio did not have a significant main effect on male's attitude to casual sexual behaviors. Conclusion:Overall,both of the two experiments support that sex ratio and childhood economic status produce an interactive influence on male's unrestricted sociosexual attitudes:the unmarried male participants with poor childhood economic status increase the level of their acceptance to casual sexual behaviors under the condition of more females in comparison of that under the condition of more males, while the unmarried men with rich childhood economic status show a relatively stable level of acceptance to casual sexual behaviors under different priming conditions of sex ratio.

A total of 1100 middle school students from Shanxi, Yunnan and Chongqing were selected as participants with cluster sampling. Psychological scales and subject tests were used to obtain the data of their individually-oriented courage, coping style and academic achievement in order to explore the influence of individually-oriented courage on the participants' academic achievement and its mediating effect. The results of structural equation model showed that:(1) there was a significant positive correlation between middle school students' individually-oriented courage and academic achievement; (2) problem-solving and help-seeking coping styles played an mediating role in the process of individually-oriented courage' influence on their academic achievement. This research revealed that middle school students with higher courage tended to achieve greater academic achievement by problem-solving and help-seeking coping styles, which had important implications for educators in developing middle school students' courage and improving their academic achievement.

To explore the impact of subjective phonetic-radical N on character naming in Chinese children, two naming tasks were carried out in 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th grade students. In experiment 1, subjective N size was manipulated, results revealed that 3^rd graders showed null N size effect; 5^th graders showed a marginally significant inhibitory effect of subjective N size, naming characters from small subjective N faster than naming those from large subjective N; while 7^th graders showed a significant inhibitory effect. In experiment 2, the independent variable was whether targets had higher-frequency neighbors, results exhibited that there was a significant inhibitory effect of higher-frequency neighbors, children needed longer reaction times for targets with higher-frequency neighbors than for those without higher-frequency neighbors. The above results suggested that the influence of subjective phonetic-radical N on character naming was gradually enhanced with age, there existed inhibitory effect of subjective N size in senior children. And this influence was related to the inhibitory effect of higher-frequency neighbors.

This study adopted a longitudinal research design, 192 kindergarten children from two public kindergartens in Shanghai participated in a tracking survey which lasted one and a half years, investigated the association between family function and preschool children's behavior problems, and the mediating effects of attachment avoidance and social anxiety. The results showed that:(1) there are significant relations among family function, attachment avoidance, social anxiety and child behavioral problems;(2) family function can significantly negative predict children's behavioral problems;(3) attachment avoidance and social anxiety have an independent mediating effect between family function and behavior problems;(4) attachment avoidance and social anxiety have a serial mediating effect between family function and behavior problems. The results further reveal the internal mechanism between family function and preschool children's behavior problems.

In this study, 771 students in grades 3~4 were investigated by Children Depression Scale in the time of 2 years. Adopting The latent category growth model and The latent growth model with distal outcome measure. This study examined the subgroup types of childhood depression development, and the predictive effects of the developmental characteristics of childhood depression on the status of depression at the end of the observation period. The results indicated that:(1) the development of depression in childhood children presents three different subtypes:High risk group for depression, Low risk group for depression and Depression self-healing group. The proportion of people in each type group was 9.6%,53.4% and 36.8% respectively; (2) The initial level of depression in childhood and its rate of development can significantly predict the depression at the end of the observation period. The early monitoring of childhood depression is of great practical significance.

A total of 998 students from grades 7 to 11 were surveyed with the purpose of analyzing the internal mechanism of the relationship between alexithymia and interpersonal relationship of middle school students, in three middle schools in Beijing, Shijiazhuang and Jiamusi. The Middle School Student Interpersonal Relationship Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Social Anxiety Scale and Perceived Social Support Scale were used and 218 pieces of information were obtained in accordance with the screening criteria of alexithymia. The results were as following:(1) Positive correlation was found between alexithymia and social anxiety, negative correlation between alexithymia and interpersonal relationship and social support. Interpersonal relationship was negatively correlated with social anxiety; however, positive correlation was found between interpersonal relationship and social support. As for social anxiety, it correlated negatively with social support; (2) Between alexithymia and middle school students' interpersonal relationship, social anxiety performed as a mediator and social support played the role of a moderator; (3) Social support moderated the first half of this path "alexithymia→social anxiety→middle school students' interpersonal relationship". Alexithymia influenced more on the social anxiety of the individuals with lower social support rather than on those who had high social support.

To explore the mediating effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in the relationship between traumatic exposure and violent behavior, suicidal ideation among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. All adolescents completed the Trauma exposure questionnaire, PTSD checklist for DSM-5, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children and the Child Behavior Problems Questionnaire. The results indicated that traumatic exposure directly and positively predicted violent behaviors and suicidal ideation. Moreover, traumatic exposure positively predicted violent behavior and suicidal ideation via PTSD, and traumatic exposure positively predicted suicidal ideation but not violent behavior via depression. This study suggests that traumatic exposure is one of the risk factors for suicidal ideation and violent behavior among adolescents after the earthquake. PTSD and depression played an important role to mediate the effect of traumatic exposure on suicidal ideation and violent behavior.

The present study examined whether hope mediated the relationship between parents neglect and online gaming addiction, and whether this mediating process was moderated by gender. A sample of 805 students from Grade 8 (mean age=13.38, SD=0.63) completed anonymous questionnaires. After control for every-week online time and age of Internet using, the results revealed that:(1) parent neglect was positively associated with online gaming addiction; (2) the relation between parents neglect and online gaming addiction was totally mediated by hope; (3) the effect of parents neglect on hope was moderated by gender, with the effect being stronger for boys. Implications for prevention of online gaming addiction are discussed.

The present study is aimed to explore the mediating effect of perceived stress on the relationship between type D personality and freshmen's mental health and whether it is moderated by resilience. 1428 freshmen in a university was investigated at different points during the first three months using the type D personality scale(T1), the resilience scale(T2), the perceived stress scale(T2), and the mental health scale(T3). Results showed that:(1)After controlling for gender, age, dating and mental health (T1), social inhibition significantly predicted perceived stress, and perceived stress significantly predicted mental health. Social inhibition indirectly affects mental health through the mediating effect of perceived stress. However, perceived stress did not mediate the relationship between negative affection and mental health; (2)Resilience moderated the relationship between social inhibition and mental health and the relationship between perceived stress and mental health; (3)A moderated mediation model was confirmed.

The definition and scope of "childhood trauma" are different at home and abroad research. However, previous studies trended to focus on one or several kinds of trauma objectively, and did not explore the impact of trauma from an individual subjective point of view. The magnitude of stress defined objectively is not the only factor to measure the psychological impact, and it should also examine the traumatic events from individual perspective. Pevious studies have proven that the DSM-V definition of trauma events was found to be not necessary for the symptoms of PTSD. Previous studies have proven childhood trauma-personality-depression pathway, and one of the personality traits-extraversion, is an important protective factor for preventing depression and mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. This study is the first to incorporate extraversion and Anti-frustration Ability to further expand childhood trauma-personality-depression pathway. So in this study,"childhood trauma" is defined as "a traumatic event experienced by an individual before the age of 14 and subjectively perceived from the perspective of the participants",to explore the relationship between childhood trauma and depression through quantitative and qualitative methods.
The questionnaire includes Essen Trauma Inventory、Anti-frustration Ability Questionnaire、Back Depression Inventory and Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory. The participants of this study were 302 college students (Age is between 17~24 years old;143males,159 females).99 students (20.9%) had not experienced childhood traumatic events.
The Results indicate:Most of the trauma events collected do not consistent with the DSM-V definition of trauma events. Correlation analysis showed the following results:First, there are significant correlations between childhood trauma and depression, anti-frustration ability and extraversion. The structural equation model shows that subjective childhood trauma indirectly predicts depression through the mediating effects of extraversion and anti-frustration ability and the multiple mediating effects of the two. The mediating effect accounts for 61.7% of the total effect, which can explain the predictive effect of depression in childhood trauma moderately.
Our finding confirmed the pathway of childhood trauma to extraversion to anti-frustration ability to depression. The present study is the first to demonstrate the negative impact of subjective childhood trauma, although the event is not worth mentioning in the eyes of adults. And it further proves the stress model of childhood stress affecting adult depression. The results of this study have important theoretical and practical value for the scientific prevention and intervention of college students' depression.

Parents phubbing is the behavior that parents pay much attention on smartphones while taking care of their children or communicating with them. By reviewing the relevant studies, it is found that parental phubbing has a variety of adverse effects on their children, such as reducing the quality of parent-child relationship, increasing the risk of accidental injury, impairing interpersonal skills, and increasing problem behaviors. Previous studies mainly use the displacement hypothesis, the theory of multitasking, and the attachment theory to explain these effects. In the future research, we should distinguish neighborhood concepts, improve measurement methods and research methods, explore children's perceptions of parents phubbing, and examine the possible positive impact of mobile devices on parent-child interaction.

Parental burnout is a negative syndrome resulting from parental identity and enduring exposure to chronic parenting stress. It encompasses an overwhelming exhaustion related to one's parental role, an emotional distancing with one's children and a sense of ineffectiveness in one's parental role. Scholars use the Balance Between Risks and Resources Model to explain parenting burnout and carry out a series of research around its measurement, antecedent variable and consequence variable. Future research should focus on the following issues:(1) clarifying the concept connotation of parental burnout and developing scientific measurement and assessment tools; (2) attaching importance to the relationship between parental burnout and consequence variables and its mechanism; (3) paying full attention to the position and role of culture in the study of parental burnout.

Preschoolers have attentional biases on different kinds of emotional faces. This research uses the static cross judgment, an inattentional blindness paradigm, to investigate the attentional bias of children with two kinds of emotions appearing on two types of face. It is 2 (face: symbolic cartoon & real face)×2 (emotion: positive & negative emotion) design in a number of 111 participants (60 males) with average of 62.5 months. The detection rate of positive emotional faces was significantly higher than the negative ones but the difference between symbolic cartoon and real faces did not exist. When the face was happy face, however, the detection rate of cartoon was higher than that of real ones.These results suggested that emotion had a significant impact on children in the IB paradigm, while facial type did not has direct effect. The effect of emotion on IB varied depending on the type of face.

In order to explore the effects of the quality of parent-child communication in high school students on the attention bias in the processing of affactive stimuli, firstly, the parent-child communication questionnaire was used to select the high group and the low group of parent-child communication. Both groups participated in a behavioral experiment task by employing the dot-probe paradigm (Experiment 1). Participants were instructed to response for the position of a dot followed a probe. The experiment employed a 2×2 within-subject design, with the affective picture pairs of the probe (negative, positive), and the validity of the probe and dot position (valid, invalid). The experiment simultaneously recorded behavioral data and event-related potential data. The data of Experiment 1 showed a significant effect of inhibition return, which terms that the reaction times in invalid condition were faster than that in valid condition. Experiment 2 used event-ralated potential (ERP) technology to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the attentional bias to affective stimuli. Data of Experiment 2 showed that the high group of family communication triggered a larger amplitude of P2 and P3 components than the low group of family communication, suggesting an attentional bias to the aggressive stimuli. Behavioral and ERP data suggested that the students with better family communication could pay more attention to aggressive stimuli in the early stage of orientation selection. Students with poor family communication were not found to have the attentional bias toward the affective stimuli, leading to a state of ‘indifferent care’.

This study was conducted among 301 children and their mothers at 6 rural kindergardens in Longnan city of Gansu province. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), Maternal Parenting Style Questionnaire and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to investigate the current status of maternal depression, maternal responsiveness and pre-school children's social withdrawal. Results showed that: (1) The incidence rate of maternal depression is relatively high in rural area of northwestern China; (2) Maternal depression is significantly related to pre-school children's social withdrawal status. The higher the maternal depression score, the higher the pre-school children's social withdrawal score; (3) Maternal sensitivity and reactivity are significantly correlated with the pre-school children's social withdrawal. The higher the maternal sensitivity and reactivity score, the lower the score of pre-school children's social withdrawal; (4) Maternal depression and pre-school children's social withdrawal can be partially mediated by maternal reactivity.

To investigate the relationship between supervisor-student relationship, professional identification, fear of supervisor's negative evaluation and self-efficacy in graduate students, totally 458 graduate students were recruited to participate in this study. They completed the general self-efficacy scale, perceived supervisor-student relationship questionnaire, professional identification scale and fear of supervisor's negative evaluation scale. The results indicated that: (1) supervisor-student relationship significantly positively predicted the self-efficacy of graduate students, and professional identification played a mediating role between supervisor-student relationship and self-efficacy; (2) fear of supervisor's negative evaluation moderated the second path of the indirect association. To be more specific, the relationship between professional identification and self-efficacy was stronger for graduate students with higher fear of supervisor's negative evaluation. These findings contribute to our understanding of the potential mechanism between supervisor-student relationship and self-efficacy for graduate students.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among a sample of 813 college students to explore the relationship among social class, belief in a just world, online social support and Internet altruistic behavior (IAB). The results indicated that: (1) Subjective social class could significantly predict IAB, while objective social class could not; (2) Belief in a just world acted as a mediator between the relationship of subjective social class and IAB; (3) The mediating effect of belief in a just world was moderated by online social support. That is to say, belief in a just world played a partial mediating effect between subjective social class and IAB for the individuals of high online social support; However, for the individuals of low online social support, the mediating effect of belief in a just world was not significant, the subjective social class only had direct effect on IAB.

Two experiments explored why second-grade children rely on different numerical representations in two numerical ranges from the perspective of mental distance. In experiment 1, 30 second graders were asked to estimate the locations of numbers on 10cm number lines with the contexts of 0~100 and 0~1000. In experiment 2, another 30 children from the second grade were asked to estimate the placements in the context of 0~1000 under the line's lengths of 10cm and 18cm. The results showed that mental distance did exist in both experiments, but second graders' ranges of mental distance were smaller than the first graders. With the increasing of numerical range or the decreasing of line's length, children's representation changed from linear representation to logarithmic representation. Taken together, the imprecise representation might be related to the strategy of mental distance, which affected children's representation partly.

In order to investigate the mediating effect of parental involvement in the relationship between family socio-economic status and senior high school students' approaches toward learning in the Chinese context, as well as the moderation of teacher-student relationship on the above mediating effect, 13,442 senior high school students in an eastern province were selected. The family socio-economic status was measured by three indicators: the educational level of parents, the occupation of parents and the family property. Parents' participation in children's study and parents' participation in daily life were used to test parents' participation. The students' approaches toward learning was measured by the five metrics of learning interest, learning confidence, learning strategy, autonomous learning ability and learning habits. The results showed that: (1) Family socio-economic status can positively predict the approaches toward learning of senior high school students;(2) Parental involvement plays a completely mediating role in the relationship between family socio-economic status and senior high school students' approaches toward learning;(3) The mediating effect of parental involvement in the link between family social and economic status and senior high school students' approaches toward learning is moderated by teacher-student relationship;(4) The differences in students' approaches toward learning caused by different family socio-economic status, to some extent, will be mitigated by teacher-student relationship.

This study aims to explore the relationships between parental academic involvement, academic pressure, and early adolescents' academic engagement, as well as the mediating role of achievement goal orientations and the moderating role of academic achievement in the relationships. Data was collected from a sample of 2487 adolescents in grade 7 in mainland China. The results showed that: (1) Parental academic involvement positively predicted early adolescents' academic engagement and negatively predicted academic disaffection. In contrast, parental academic pressure positively predicted early adolescents' academic disaffection; (2) Mastery goals positively mediated the relationship between parental academic involvement and early adolescents' academic engagement, and negatively mediated the relationship between parental academic involvement and academic disaffection. Performance-avoid goals positively mediated the relationship between parental academic pressure and academic disaffection; (3) The mediating role of mastery goals was moderated by the level of academic achievement. These results reveal the internal mechanism of how parental academic involvement and pressure influence early adolescents' academic engagement. The results also provide suggestions for promoting early adolescents' academic engagement from the perspective of family.

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between supervisor-induced ostracism and mental health of postgraduate students and the mediating effect of basic needs in this association, by surveying 864 postgraduate students with supervisor-induced ostracism questionnaire, basic needs scale, subjective well-being scale, short form of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, and aggression questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) Supervisor-induced ostracism was significantly and positively related to depression and aggression, and was significantly and negatively related to life satisfaction among postgraduates; (2) Postgraduates' basic needs completely mediated the relationship between supervisor-induced ostracism and postgraduates' life satisfaction and depression; (3) Postgraduates' basic needs partially mediated the relationship between supervisor-induced ostracism and postgraduates' aggression. In a word, supervisor-induced ostracism influence postgraduates' mental health via the mediating effect of basic needs.

In this study,875 adolescents (M=12.73±0.18, 494 boys) were recruited from 3 junior high school in Xi' an, China. The friendship quality and loneliness of students were measured by the Network of Relationships Inventory and Loneliness Scale for three times in 3 years. Latent growth modeling was used to examine the growth trajectories of friendship quality and loneliness, and the longitudinal effects of friendship quality on loneliness were analyzed by multivariate latent growth modeling. The results were as followed: (1) during the whole stage of junior high school, the growth trajectory of adolescents' friendship quality and loneliness are both linear, which indicated that the former increased gradually and the latter decreased at the same time; (2) there existed significant difference among individuals in the initial level and variation rate; (3) the multivariate latent growth model suggested that the initial level of friendship quality can effectively predicted the initial level of loneliness (β=-1.77, p<0.001) and subsequent decreased rate of loneliness(β=0.20, p<0.05); (4) the boys' initial loneliness was higher than girls, but the initial friendship quality was lower than girls'; the initial loneliness of high SES individuals was higher than that of low SES individuals. Our findings revealed the dynamic change of loneliness and friendship quality and the predictive effect of friendship quality on loneliness in junior middle school, which provided suggestions on improving teenagers' loneliness.

Present study was investigated the mechanism of linking parental autonomy support to adolescents' positive emotional adjustment through basic need satisfaction. A total of 1912 Junior high school student participated in this study. Parental autonomy support was assessed by Parental Autonomy Support Scale. Positive emotional adjustment was measured by Satisfaction with Life Scale, Self-Esteem Scale and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale. Basic need satisfaction was assessed by Chinese version of Basic Psychological Needs Scale. The results indicated that: (1) Parental autonomy support has a significant positive predictive effect on adolescents' positive emotional adjustment; (2) Parental autonomy support can affect adolescents' positive emotional adjustment through the mediating effect of basic need satisfaction; (3) Basic need satisfaction play a moderating role between Parental autonomy support, positive emotion and life satisfaction. The results of the study help to reveal the mechanism of parental autonomy support on adolescents' positive emotional adjustment, and have certain implications for future research.

Ample research evidence indicate that peer victimization is an significant risk predictor of adolescent depression, however, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. A total of 834 adolescents anonymously responded to questionnaires. This study examined whether social withdraw mediated the relationship between peer victimization and adolescent depression, and whether this mediating process was moderated by teacher-student relationship. The results showed that: (1) the relationship between peer victimization and adolescent depression was mediated by social withdraw; (2) this mediating effect was moderated by teacher-student relationship. Specifically, the indirect effect was stronger for adolescents with low teacher-student relationship than for those with high teacher-student relationship.

The present study examined the moderating roles of phone position and cognitive load on the relationship between smartphone addiction and inhibitory control ability among college students. A total of 66 college students participated in this study and they were asked to finish the dual task design of Flanker effect task and working memory task. The results showed that, on the low cognitive load condition, the inhibitory control ability of people whose smartphones were in their bags/pockets (out of sight) was significantly worse than those whose smartphones were sitting in front of them (in sight). On the high cognitive load condition, there was a significant interaction between smartphone addiction and phone position: When the smartphone was in sight, the inhibitory control ability of smartphone addicts was significantly worse than non-addicts; when the phone was out of sight, the difference of the inhibitory control ability of smartphone addicts and non-addicts was not significant. These findings indicated that the effect of smartphone addicts' inhibitory control ability among the college students was moderated by both phone position and cognitive load.

This study aims to examine the relationship between negative life events and mental health of left-behind children, and to test the mediating effects of resilience,of peer-attachment.Participants in this study are 1368 left-behind children. The results are as follows: (1) Negative life events do have a negative relationship on the mental health of rural left-behind children. The children are different in gender, ethnic minorities, grade and parental migration; (2) The negative life events not only directly, but also indirectly predicts the mental health of rural left-behind children through the sequential mediating effect of peer attachment and resilience.

Antisocial behavior is influenced by both gene and environment. Molecular genetics and neurobiological studies have found that gene polymorphisms and DNA methylation affect structure and function of brain, as well as the production and release of neurotransmitters, all of which can impact antisocial behavior. In this paper, the association between antisocial behavior and eight candidate genes, including 5-HTT, MAOA, DRD4, etc., is reviewed from the perspectives of gene polymorphism and DNA methylation. It is proposed that future studies should explore how genes, brain and neurotransmitters affect antisocial behavior together. Meanwhile, research on the combined effects of multiple loci, the interaction between gene polymorphism and DNA methylation, as well as the interaction between positive environment and genes should be expanded, so as to comprehensively investigate the genetic basis of antisocial behavior, and to prevent antisocial behavior more effectively.

The social factors of adolescents suffering from depression are deeply studied by researchers, especially the social support. In this study, the first session focused on the mechanism of the influence of social support on depression in adolescent, which included main effect mechanism and social-buffering mechanism. Secondly, the influential factors between the social support and adolescent depression were summarized, mainly involving factors related to social support provider、social support recipient and measurement method. Specifically, gender,quantity and social status were discussed in factors of social support providers. Gender,age,intrapersonal characteristics,personality and genetics were involving when talking about factors of social support recipient. And the method part included the measurement of social support and depression. Finally, future investigations should focus more on the diverse methods of measuring social support, digging into the meta-analysis, longitude analysis and online social support, and consequently put the theories into intervention of depressed adolescents.

The “Healthy Context Paradox” is defined as the phenomenon that victims are more likely to be maladjusted in “healthy” contexts, such as classrooms where level of victimization is relatively low, where the proportion of victims had decreased over time and where an anti-bullying program was successfully implemented. In the existing literatures, there are two possible mechanisms explaining for this phenomenon, i.e, the interpersonal process and the cognitive process hypotheses. The interpersonal mechanism highlights that healthy context might cause peers' more negative evaluation towards the victims and reduce victims' friendship opportunities, and such maladaptive interpersonal relationships in turn worsen victims' adjustment. The cognitive mechanism posits that healthy context has a negative impact on victims' maladjustment through influencing on upward social comparison and passive attribution style. Finally, we discussed the generalizability of healthy context paradox in Chinese culture context, pointed out future research directions and proposed practical implications.

The present study examined the moderator role of metacognitive control and executive function in the effect of metacognitive monitoring on cognitive operation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. A total of 60 primary school students in grade 5 and 6 were employed, and were asked to make confidence judgment on each classification and choose whether to include the classification results in the total score. Reward score and improvement ratio in WCST were used to represent the performance of cognitive operation. The results showed that:(1) Executive function played as moderator of the association between metacognitive monitoring and functional outcome of cognitive operation; (2) When the executive function was poor, higher levels of metacognitive monitoring predicted better cognitive performance. The findings of the current study reveal that metacognitive monitoring is a kind of regulation and control ability related to motivation, which provides empirical support to clarify the relationship between metacognitive monitoring and executive function.

In this study, we used spatial perspective-taking task to examine the automaticity and developmental trajectory of spatial perspective-taking for children aged 7~11. The results showed that:(1) In the other tasks, the accuracy decreased as the angular disparity between the doll and the subject increased; (2) In the self tasks when the spatial relationship were consistent, the correct rates was higher than when the spatial relationship was inconsistent. And the reverse consistency effect appeared when the angular disparity between the doll and the subject was during 150°~180°. The results of this study prove that the task of this study is an effective spatial perspective-taking task for children. Seven to nine-year-old children can automatically transform spatial perspectives. Eleven-year-old children can automatically make spatial perspective-taking that needs to make left-right judgements. This study demonstrates for the first time that the age of eleven is the relative turning point in the age at which children automatically make spatial perspective-taking that needs to make left-right judgements.

Cartoon faces in different cultural backgrounds were used to explore the recognition difference and its eye movement mechanism when Chinese children were memorizing Chinese, Japanese and European-American style female cartoon faces. The results showed that:(1) the accuracy among different cartoon faces was significantly different, Japanese style faces had an advantage in memorizing. Girls' face recognition accuracy in three styles was significantly higher than boys; (2) the exaggeration of facial features of cartoon faces could significantly predicate the recognition accuracy; (3) cultural background and gender factors significantly affected overall eye movement indicators, such as the average fixation time, fixation counts, saccades counts, saccades amplitude, and pupil size; (4) interest area data showed that the total fixation time and fixation counts for Japanese style faces were the highest; the eyes were the most concerned in cartoon recognition, followed by the nose; There was an interaction between cultural background and interest area in fixation time, fixation counts and first fixation area, which indicates that children focus more on the eyes of Japanese style and the nose of European-American style. In conclusion, there are differences in children's memory and eye movement processing of cartoon faces from different cultural backgrounds. The memory advantage of Japanese style faces may be due to its exaggeration of facial features, especially for the eye areas. Girls show more advantages in recognizing cartoon faces both in behavioral and eye movement indicators.

In order to explore the causes of the development of coping styles in childhood. This study conducted a two-year follow-up study, 355 students in grade3 were investigated by the coping style questionnaire and the Psychological Suzhi scale (kids version). This study compares the developmental trajectories of different coping styles in academic difficulties situations and peer conflict situations, and the impact of trait (Psychological Suzhi) on the development of coping styles. The results show that:The positive coping styles of childhood children have different development trajectories in academic difficulties situations and peer conflict situations, while the negative coping styles have the same development track in those situations. The trait factors-Psychological Suzhi can significantly predict positive or negative coping styles of children at different times. This shows that the development of coping styles in childhood is the result of a combination of situational factors and trait factors.

Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) refers to the pervasive apprehension due to worries that others might be experiencing fantastic stories or positive events from which one is absent. Prosocial behavior not only benefits the recipient, but also promotes the harmonious relationship between the helper and recipient or society. The fear of missing out has been improved compared to the past in the process of the rapid development of internet social media. Therefore, in the context of the increasingly rich social media information, the present study explored the impact of the fear of missing out on prosocial behavior, and pays attention to the mechanism of interpersonal security and basic psychological need satisfaction. The present study supplied the experimental method of the fear of missing out and expanded the scope of research on prosocial behavior. In this context,the present study combined a questionnaire survey (study 1) and an experimental design (study 2) to investigate the effect of the FOMO on prosocial behavior, and also examined the mediation role of interpersonal security and the moderation role of basic psychological need satisfaction. A sample of 182 (male=88, 48.4%) Chinese college students participated in study 1, they were asked to complete a questionnaire measuring the FOMO, prosocial behavior, interpersonal security and basic psychological need satisfaction. Using an experimental, study 2 manipulated the FOMO with hypothetical scenarios. A total of 80 Chinese college students (male=40, 50%) were randomly divided into two groups(FOMO vs. control) to read the scenarios about the fear of missing out or control condition, and to completed questionnaire about interpersonal security and basic psychological need satisfaction, then they finished two items to evaluate their prosocial behavior. Date were collected andanalyzed with SPSS 20.0, and bootstrap method was used to examine the mediating roles of interpersonal security and the moderating roles of basic psychological need satisfaction between the fear of missing out and prosocial behavior. The results of study 1 and study 2 indicated that the fear of missing out significantly and negatively predicted prosocial behavior. Moreover, the interpersonal security significantly mediated the negative relationship between prosocial behavior and the fear of missing out. In addition, the basic psychological need satisfaction significantly moderated the negative relationship between prosocial behavior and the fear of missing out. Specifically, compared with those in high-basic psychological need satisfaction, the fear of missing out would more strongly predict prosocial behavior in the low-basic psychological need satisfaction. In sum, these findings highlight the mechanism underlying the relationship between the fear of missing out and prosocial behavior. The fear of missing out negatively predicts prosocial behavior through mediating roles of interpersonal security and the basic psychological need satisfaction moderate such relationship. The present study gives some suggestions on dealing with the fear of missing out and improving prosocial behavior in the real world. Individuals and society should seek or provide measures to increase the individual's basic psychological need satisfaction to prevent the negative effects of the fear of missing out on prosocial behavior from being exacerbated.