Psychological Development and Education ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (3): 323-334.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2021.03.03

Previous Articles     Next Articles

An Eye-movement Research on 5~6-year-old Children's Recognition of Cartoon Faces in Different Culture Backgrounds

SHI Fangting1,2, ZHENG Chenye1,5, YAN Xiulin1, LU Lu1, WANG Jingmei1,3, DI Bo4, LU Yingjun1,3   

  1. 1. Institute of Child Study, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 310012;
    2. Institute of International and Comparative Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062;
    3. Lab of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Hangzhou College for Preschool Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 310012;
    4. Department of Animation, Hangzhou College for Preschool Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 310012;
    5. Zhejiang Beishan Kindergarten, Hangzhou 310000
  • Published:2021-05-18

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Abstract: Cartoon faces in different cultural backgrounds were used to explore the recognition difference and its eye movement mechanism when Chinese children were memorizing Chinese, Japanese and European-American style female cartoon faces. The results showed that:(1) the accuracy among different cartoon faces was significantly different, Japanese style faces had an advantage in memorizing. Girls' face recognition accuracy in three styles was significantly higher than boys; (2) the exaggeration of facial features of cartoon faces could significantly predicate the recognition accuracy; (3) cultural background and gender factors significantly affected overall eye movement indicators, such as the average fixation time, fixation counts, saccades counts, saccades amplitude, and pupil size; (4) interest area data showed that the total fixation time and fixation counts for Japanese style faces were the highest; the eyes were the most concerned in cartoon recognition, followed by the nose; There was an interaction between cultural background and interest area in fixation time, fixation counts and first fixation area, which indicates that children focus more on the eyes of Japanese style and the nose of European-American style. In conclusion, there are differences in children's memory and eye movement processing of cartoon faces from different cultural backgrounds. The memory advantage of Japanese style faces may be due to its exaggeration of facial features, especially for the eye areas. Girls show more advantages in recognizing cartoon faces both in behavioral and eye movement indicators.

Key words: children, face recognition, face memory, cartoon face, eye movement

CLC Number: 

  • B844
Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12(6), 1043-1047.
Anzures, G., Kelly, D. J., Pascalis, O., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., de Viviés, X., & Lee, K. (2014). Own- and other-race face identity recognition in children:The effects of pose and feature composition. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 469-481.
Bar-Haim, Y., Ziv, T., Lamy, D., & Hodes, R. M. (2006). Nature and nurture in own-race face processing. Psychological Science, 17(2), 159-163.
Beham, M. P., & Roomi, S. M. (2013). A review of face recognition methods. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 27(4), 101-135.
Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D., & Caldare, R. (2008). Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLoS ONE, 3(8), Article e3022.http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003022
Brandon, M. (2014). The effect of facial attractiveness on recognition memory. Honors Projects Overview. 98.https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/honors_projects/98
Bronstad, P. M., & Russell, R. (2007). Beauty is in the "we" of the beholder:Greater agreement on facial attractiveness among close relations. Perception, 36(11), 1674-1681.
Bruce, V., Burton, M., & Anddench, N. (1994). What's distinctive about a distinctive face? Experimental Psychology, 47(1), 119-141.
Chen, H., Russell, R., Nakayama, K., & Livingstone, M. (2010). Crossing the "uncanny valley":Adaptation to cartoon faces can influence perception of human faces. Perception, 39(3), 378-386.
Crookes, K., & Robbins, R. A. (2014). No childhood development of viewpoint-invariant face recognition:Evidence from 8-year-olds and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, 103-111.
Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006). The Cambridge face memory test:Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosia participants. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 576-585.
Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47(2), 506-510.
Ferguson, K. T., Kulkofsky, S., Cashon, C. H., & Casasola, M. (2009). The development of specialized processing of own-race faces in infancy. Infancy, 14(3), 263-284.
Gross, T. F. (2014). Face recognition and own-ethnicity bias in black, east/southeast Asian, Hispanic, and white children. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 181-189.
Henderson, P. W., Giese, J. L., & Cote, J. A. (2004). Impression management using typeface design. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 60-72.
Henderson, J., Falk, R.,Minut, S., Dyer, F. C., & Mahadevan, S. (2001). Gaze control for face learning and recognition by humans and machines. In T. F. Shipley & P. J. Kellman (Eds.). From fragments to objects:Segmentation and grouping in vision (pp. 463-481). Amsterdam:Elsevier Science.
Hills, P. J. (2012). A developmental study of the own-age face recognition bias in children. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 499-508.
Lewin C, & Herlitz A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition-women's faces make the difference. Brain & Cognition, 50(1), 121-128.
John, M. H., Carrick, C. W., & Richard, J. F. (2005). Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory Cognition, 33(1), 98-110.
Liu, S., Quinn, P. C., Wheeler, A., Xiao, N., Ge, L., & Lee, K. (2011). Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(1), 180-189.
Lovén, J., Herlitz, A., & Rehnman, J. (2011). Women's own-gender bias in face recognition memory. Experimental Psychology, 58(4), 333-340.
Lu, Y. J., Wang, J. M., Wang, L., Wang, J. L., & Qin, J. L. (2014). Neural responses to cartoon facial attractiveness:An event-related potential study. Neuroscience Bulletin, 30(3), 441-450.
Palmer, M. A., Brewer, N., & Horry, R. (2013).Understanding gender bias in face recognition:Effects of divided attention at encoding. Acta Psychologica, 142(3), 362-369.
Mallet, P., & Lallemand, N. (2003). Preadolescents' recognition of faces of unfamiliar peers:The effect of attractiveness of faces. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164(4), 453-471.
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3-35.
Maner, J. K., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Delton, A. W., Hofer, B., Wilbur, C., & Neuberg, S. (2003). Sexually selective cognition:Beauty captures the mind of the beholder. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1107-1120.
Mauro, R., & Kubovy, M. (1992). Caricature and face recognition. Memory & Cognition, 20(4), 433-440.
Quinn, P. C., Uttley, L., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., & Slater, A. M. (2008). Infant preference for female faces occurs for same-but not other-race faces. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(1), 15-26.
Quinn, P. C., Yahr, J., Kuhn, A., Slater, A. M., & Pascalis, O. (2002). Representation of the gender of human faces by infants:A preference for female. Perception, 31(9), 1109-1121.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movement in reading and information processing:20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
Rehnman, J., & Herlitz, A. (2006). Higher face recognition ability in girls:Magnified by own-sex and own-ethnicity bias. Memory, 14(3), 289-296.
Rhodes, G., & Tremewan, T. (1996). Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 7(2), 105-110.
Rhodes, G., Harwood, K., Yoshikawa, S., Nishitani, M., & McLean, I. (2002). The attractiveness of average faces:Cross-cultural evidence and possible biological basis. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness:Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 35-58). Ablex Publishing.
Rubenstein, A. J., Kalakanis, L., & Langlois, J. H. (1999). Infant preferences for attractive faces:A cognitive explanation. Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 848-855.
Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1219-1227.
Weirich, S., Hoffmann, F., Meissner, L., Heinz, A., & Bengner, T. (2011). Sex influence on face recognition memory moderated by presentation duration and reencoding. Neuropsychology, 25(6), 806-813.
Wright, D. B., & Stroud, J. N. (2002). Age differences in lineup identification accuracy:People are better with their own age. Law and Human Behavior. 26(6), 641-654.
Wright, D., B. & Sladden, B. (2003). An own gender bias and the importance of hair in face recognition. Acta Psychologica, 114(1), 101-114.
Xiao, W. S., Xiao, N. G., Quinn, P. C., Anzures, G., & Lee, K. (2013). Development of face scanning for own- and other-race faces in infancy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(2), 100-105.
程蕾, 黄希庭. (2016). 5岁儿童自我面孔的认知特点. 心理与行为研究, 14(4), 465-470.
谷莉, 白学军. (2014). 成人与幼儿面部表情注意偏好的眼动研究. 心理科学, 37(1), 101-105.
李鸥, 陈红. (2010). 面孔吸引力的回顾与前瞻. 心理科学进展, 18(3), 472-479.
刘希平, 唐乐, 唐卫海. (2012). 面孔再认及学习程度判断中的同龄效应. 心理发展与教育,28(3),271-275.
吕勇, 刘亚平, 罗跃嘉. (2011). 记忆面孔, 男女有别:关于面孔再认性别差异的行为与ERP研究. 科学通报, 256(14), 1112-1123.
彭聃龄, 张必隐. (2004). 认知心理学. 杭州:浙江教育出版社.
史新广. (2007). 女性容貌吸引力及其与人格和心理健康的关系研究(硕士学位论文). 苏州大学.
隋雪, 任延涛. (2007). 面部表情识别的即时加工过程. 心理学报, 36(1), 64-70.
唐玉梅, 葛列众. (2004). 陌生面孔特征信息的拼图实验研究. 人类工效学, 10(4), 37-38.
唐卫海, 唐乐, 张晓佩, 刘希平. (2017). 面孔再认中同龄效应的发展. 天津师范大学学报(社会科学版), (1), 48-53.
田磊.(2008). 中外影视动画民族艺术风格比较研究(硕士学位论文). 山东师范大学, 济南.
王军利, 王静梅, 任静婷, 卢英俊. (2013). 卡通面孔分类与知觉加工的ERP比较研究. 心理科学, 36(2), 320-327.
王静梅, 卢英俊. (2011). 绘图方式与脸型对卡通面孔吸引力的影响. 幼儿教育,(6), 6-11.
王玲, 王静梅, 王军利, 卢英俊. (2012). 卡通面孔与真实面孔识别的ERP比较研究. 心理研究, 5(5), 19-28.
王乾东, 胡超, 傅根跃. (2013). 幼儿面孔加工异族效应的眼动研究. 心理学报, 45(2), 169-178.
王哲, 葛列众, 袁中庆. (2010). 5岁儿童对熟悉面孔的特征信息识别. 心理科学, 33(1), 122-125.
吴振东. (2002). 儿童电视美术片在幼儿园教育中的应用研究(硕士学位论文). 福建师范大学, 福州.
闫国利, 白学军. (2012). 眼动研究心理学导论:揭开心灵之窗奥秘的神奇学科. 北京:科学出版社.
赵倩, 王静梅, 徐侃鸿, 卢英俊. (2013). 不同任务情境中5~6岁儿童卡通面孔加工的眼动研究. 心理发展与教育, 29(5), 457-465.
张丽丽, 魏斌, 张妍. (2016). 微笑影响面孔吸引力判断的眼动研究. 心理学探新, 36(1), 1113-1117.
张妍, 孔繁昌, 陈红, 向燕辉, 高笑, 陈敏燕. (2010). 男性对女性面孔吸引力的认知偏好:来自ERP的证据. 心理学报, 42(11), 1060-1072.
郑晨烨, 王静梅, 胡佳, 王一逸, 郑娴, 张莹, 卢英俊. (2015). 面部空间特征关系对真人与卡通面孔吸引力影响的ERP发展性研究. 心理学进展, 5(12), 816-827.
郑晨烨. (2018). 幼儿对真人与卡通面孔记忆及其眼动机制研究(硕士学位论文). 浙江师范大学, 杭州.
郑娴, 张筱群, 郑潇雅, 王静梅, 卢英俊. (2014). 6岁幼儿对卡通与真人面孔表情认知差异的研究. 幼儿教育, (12), 35-39.
朱孟亭. (2011). 面孔认知性别差异的眼动研究(硕士学位论文). 华东师范大学, 上海.
[1] WANG Kunyan, HUANG Yinghang, DENG Jue, WANG Xuan, ZHANG Xiangkui. From Social Mindfulness to Prosocial Behavior: The Developmental Association in Children Aged 4 to 7 [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(4): 457-466.
[2] YU Xiao, ZHANG Yaxin, QI Yue, CHANG Shangcheng, HE Wenxing, CHEN Yinghe. Nature Connectedness Trajectory and Their Relationship with Creative Tendency in School-age Children: Cumulative or Interactive Effects? [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(4): 467-477.
[3] CHEN Ziwei, HUANG Xiaoxiao, YU Guoliang. A Three-level Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Parenting Practices and Children’s Mental Health [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(4): 563-576.
[4] WU Min, ZHANG Jie, YE Panqin, GONG Xi, YUAN Keman. Developmental Trajectories of Non-suicidal Self-injury in Left-behind Children: The Impact of Peer Victimization Patterns [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(4): 586-595.
[5] SHU Zhan, PENG Shenli, ZHAO Xian, LI Zhihua. Immediate and Delayed Effects of Cumulative Family Risk on Externalizing Problems in Low-income Families: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(4): 596-608.
[6] TAN Ruifeng, CHEN Suiqing, GUO Xinying, LI Mengna. Social Mindfulness Preference of Preschool Young Children in Peer Selection from the Perspective of Traits [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(3): 305-314.
[7] HAN Yan, GUO Xiaolin, YANG Wenjing, ZHANG Heng, WANG Tengfei. Structural Differentiation of Executive Function in Children with Reading Difficulties Lags behind that of Typically Developing Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(3): 326-336.
[8] ZHANG Wenjie, YANG Li, WANG Yaqin, ZHANG Xinyue, FAN Wei. The Effect of Adult’s Gesture in Picture Book Shared-reading on Story Retelling of 4- to 6-year-olds [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(3): 379-390.
[9] FAN Xinghua, JIN Jianing, YAN Lifei, LI Xiaotong, DENG Huixi. The Effect of Left-behind Adversity on the Developmental Trajectory of Personal Growth Initiative of Left-behind Children in Junior Middle School: The Mediation of the Developmental Trajectory of Social Support [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(3): 427-436.
[10] ZHANG Pan, YANG Juan, WANG Xiaoying. The Effects of Iconic Gestures on Memory and Generalization of Chinese Action Verbs in 3~4-year-old Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(2): 153-161.
[11] YUAN Wen, ZHANG Xuran, GUO Hui, LI Yanfang. Static and Dynamic Structural Characteristics of Children Bullying Networks: A Social Network Analysis Perspective [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(2): 234-244.
[12] XIE Yu, HE Huizhong, WANG Lei, DAI Weixi. A Comparative Study on Implicit Learning of Objects’ Contextual Cueing between Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(6): 761-769.
[13] FAN Xinghua, YAN Lifei, JIN Jianing, LI Xiaotong, DENG Huixi, YU Si. Effect of the Development of Parental Care on the Development of General Well-being In Grade 4~6 Left-behind Rural Children: The Moderating Role of Positively Interpreting Life [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(6): 859-868.
[14] ZHANG Heyi, YU Li. Screen Time and Young Children’s Self-regulation: The Role of Adult Involvement [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(5): 616-625.
[15] LIU Chang, JIANG Liuqing, ZHENG Tianpeng, BIAN Yufang. Longitudinal Associations between Parental Emotional Dysregulation and Parental Emotion-related Socialization Behaviors: A Cross-lagged, Actor-partner Interdependence Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(5): 652-662.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright 2018 © Editorial office of Psychological Development and Education
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd