自发性观点采择对宽恕不同程度人际伤害的影响

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2021.06.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 设计并采用“换位体验”的社会互动范式，结合自陈报告法和情感错误归因程序的内隐态度研究范式，通过2个实验比较了面对不同程度的人际伤害，自发性观点采择和语言劝说这两种不同的人际伤害消解方式分别对外显和内隐宽恕的影响。结果发现：无论面对何种程度的人际伤害，（1）与自发性观点采择相比，语言劝说可以有效的促进外显宽恕；（2）自发性观点采择可以有效减少负面内隐态度，促进内隐宽恕，而语言劝说会提高负面内隐态度，阻碍内隐宽恕。该研究结果说明不同人际伤害消解方式对内隐和外显宽恕的影响是不同的，同时也证明了观点采择可以在人际互动中自发产生，并且会对人际关系产生隐性影响。

关键词: 自发性观点采择, 语言劝说, 人际伤害, 内隐宽恕, 外显宽恕

Abstract: Combined with self-report questionnaire and the AMP implicit attitude test, "experiencing the other side" paradigm is designed and used to explore the impact of spontaneous perspective taking and verbal persuasion on forgiveness to interpersonal harm in different severity, focusing on the role of spontaneous perspective taking in forgiveness via 2 experiments. Results indicate that:regardless of severity of interpersonal harms, (1) compared with spontaneous perspective taking, verbal persuasion can facilitate explicit forgiveness more effectively; (2) spontaneous perspective taking can significantly reduce explicit negative attitude to transgressors, thereby facilitating explicit forgiveness. By contrast, verbal persuasion increases the explicit negative attitude, hindering explicit forgiveness. The outcomes suggest that the way to resolve conflicts has different effects on forgiveness, and noticeably, in a real-time interactive activity, a process of perspective taking can be triggered automatically, which can affect interpersonal activities implicitly.

Key words: spontaneous perspective taking, verbal persuasion, interpersonal harm, implicit forgiveness, explicit forgiveness

中图分类号:

B844

范若琳, 汝涛涛, 郑允佳, 徐贵平. 自发性观点采择对宽恕不同程度人际伤害的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2021, 37(6): 774-783.

FAN Ruolin, RU Taotao, ZHENG Yunjia, XU Guiping. The Impact of Spontaneous Perspective Taking on the Forgiveness to Interpersonal Harm of Varying Severity[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(6): 774-783.

参考文献

Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close Relationships as Including Other in the Self.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60(2), 241-253.
Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced Altruism in a Prisoner's Dilemma.European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(7), 909-924.
Blair, I. (2001). Implicit stereotypes and prejudice. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive Social Psychology:The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (pp. 359-374). Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive:Construct validity and links with depression.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759-771.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S.C.(1987). Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Bush, R. A. B. (1996). What do we need a mediator for? Mediation's ‘value-added’ for negotiators.Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 12, 181-201.
Casper, C., Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2011). The activation of specific facets of age stereotypes depends on individuating information.Social Cognition, 29(4), 393-414.
Cornish, M. A., Guyll, M., Wade, N. G., Lannin, D. G., Madon, S., & Chason, K. C. (2018). Does Empathy Promotion Necessarily Lead to Greater Forgiveness? An Experimental Examination.Current Psychology, 39, 1001-1011.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring Individual Differences in Empathy:Evidence for a Multi-Dimensional Approach.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behaviorand employee voice:Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and Prejudice:Their Automatic and Controlled Components.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18.
Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). The mediating role of perceptual validation in the repentance-forgiveness process.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1389-1401.
Elekes, F., Varga, M., & Király, I. (2016). Evidence for spontaneous level-2 perspective taking in adults.Consciousness and Cognition, 41, 93-103.
Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Zell, A. L., Kraft, A. J., & Witvliet, C. V. (2008). Not so innocent:Does seeing one's own capacity for wrongdoing predict forgiveness? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 94(3), 495-515.
Farrow, T. F. D., Zheng, Y., Wilkinson, I. D., Spence, S. A., Deakin, J. F. W., Tarrier, N., … Woodruff, P. W. R. (2001). Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness. Neuroreport, 12(11), 2433-2438.
Fatfouta, R., Schroder-Abe, M., & Merkl, A. (2014). Forgiving, fast and slow:Validity of the implicit association test for predicting differential responselatencies in a transgression-recall paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 728.
Fincham, F. D., Hall, J. H., & Beach, S. R. H. (2005). "'Til lack of forgiveness doth us part":Forgiveness and marriage. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.),Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 207-225). New York:Brunner-Routledge.
Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G., & Regaliab, C. (2010). Forgiveness in marriage:The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy.Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37.
Flavell, J. H., Everett, B. A., Croft, K., & Flavell, E. R. (1981). Young children's knowledge about visual perception:Further evidence for the Level 1Level 2 distinction.Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 99-103.、
Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent:The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations.Psychological Science, 19(4), 378-384.
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking:decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 708-724.
Gallese, V., & Goldman, A. (1998). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(12), 493-501.
Gardner, M. R., Hull, Z., Taylor, D., & Edmonds, C. J. (2017). ‘Spontaneous’ visual perspective-taking mediated by attention orienting that is voluntary and not reflexive.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 1020-1029.
Gilin, D., Maddux, W. W., Carpenter, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013). When to use your head and when to use your heart:The differential value of perspective-taking versus empathy in competitive interactions.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(1), 3-16.
Goldring, J., & Strelan, P. (2017). The Forgiveness Implicit Association Test.Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 69-78.
Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1994). The theory theory. In L. A. Hirschfeid & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind:Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp.257-293). Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, R. M. (1986). Folk psychology as simulation.Mind & Language, 1(2), 158-171.
Gray, K., Schein, C., & Ward, A. F. (2014). The myth ofharmless wrongs in moral cognition:Automatic dyadiccompletion from sin tosuffering.Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 143(4), 1600-1615.
Harvey, N., & Fischer, I. (1997). Taking advice:Accepting help, improving judgment and sharing responsibility.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(2), 117-133.
Hourigan, K. L. (2018). Forgiving the Unforgivable:An exploration of contradictions between forgivess-related feeling rules and lived and experience of extreme harm. Humanity & Society, 43(2), 016059761880104.http://doi.org/10.1177/016059761880104
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2005). Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(12), 528-533.
Mccullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness:Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 601-610.
Mccullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time:The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 540-557.
Mccullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships:II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586-1603.
Mccullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73(2), 321-336.
Myers, M. W., Laurent, S. M., & Hodges, S. D. (2014). Perspective taking instructions and self-other overlap:Different motives for helping.Motivation and Emotion, 38(2), 224-234.
Nier, J. A. (2016). How dissociated are implicit and explicit racial attitudes? A bogus pipeline approach.Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(1), 39-52.
Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 94(1), 16-31.
Schul, Y., Mayo, R., & Burnstein, E. (2004). Encoding under trust and distrust:the spontaneous activation of incongruent cognitions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 668-679.
Sniezek, J. A., & Buckley, T. (1995). Cueing and cognitive conflict in judge-advisor decision making.Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 62(2), 159-174.
Sparks, J. R., & Areni, C. S. (2008). Style versus substance:Multiple roles of language power in persuasion.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(1), 37-60.
Stark, J. H., & Frenkel, D. N. (2013). Changing minds:The work of mediators and empirical studies of persuasion. The Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 28(2), 263-352.
Struthers, C. W., Eaton, J., Santelli, A. G., Uchiyama, M., & Shirvani, N. (2008). The effects of attributions of intent and apology on forgiveness:When saying sorry may not help the story. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 983-992.
Surtees, A., Samson, D., & Apperly, I. (2016). Unintentional perspective-taking calculates whether something is seen, but not how it is seen.Cognition, 148, 97-105.
Takaku, S. (2001). The effects of apology and perspective taking on interpersonal forgiveness:A dissonance-attribution model of interpersonal forgiveness.The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 494-508.
Takaku, S., Weiner, B., & Ohbuchi, K. I. (2001). A cross-cultural examination of the effects of apology and perspective taking on forgiveness.Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 20(1-2), 144-166.
Tinti, C., Chiesa, S., Cavaglià, R., Dalmasso, S., Pia, L., & Schmidt, S. (2018). On my right or on your left? Spontaneous spatial perspective taking in blind people.Consciousness & Cognition, 62, 1-8.
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1027-1042.
Tuller, H. M., Bryan, C. J., Heyman, G. D., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2015). Seeing the other side:Perspective taking and the moderation of extremity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 18-23.
Tynan, R. (2010). The effects of threat sensitivity and face giving on dyadic psychological safety and upward communication1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(2), 223-247.
Wallace, H. M., Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Interpersonal consequences of forgiveness:Does forgiveness deter or encourage repeat offenses? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 453-460.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes.Psychological Review, 107(1), 101-126.
Zechmeister, J. S., & Catherine, R. (2002). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict:Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 675-686.
任娜, 佐斌, 侯飞翔, 汪国驹. (2012). 情境效应或自动化加工:大学生对老年人的内隐态度. 心理学报, 44(6), 777-788.
汝涛涛, 王婷婷, 朱莹莹, 钟罗金, 周国富, 莫雷. (2015). 道德推断中的面孔刻板效应:性别的调节作用. 心理学探新, 35(4), 337-343.
闫国利, 张兰兰, 孙莎莎, 白学军. (2013). 汉语"主观词"的表征及其加工. 心理学报, 45(4), 379-390.
钟毅平, 杨子鹿, 范伟. (2015). 自我-他人重叠对助人行为的影响:观点采择的调节作用. 心理学报, 47(8), 1050-1057.
詹泽, 吴宝沛. (2019). 无处不在的伤害:二元论视角下的道德判断. 心理科学进展, 27(01), 132-144.

多维度评价

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

[1]	林崇德. 需要是教育与发展的动力源[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 1-7.
[2]	冷欣怡, 苏萌萌, 李文玲, 杨秀杰, 邢爱玲, 张湘琳, 舒华. 家庭环境与农村儿童早期语言发展的关系[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 8-18.
[3]	陈书玲, 贾会宾, 靳璨, 张欣, 王恩国. 发展性协调障碍儿童视觉通道前注意加工的特点：来自ERP的证据[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 19-28.
[4]	谢和平, 王燕青, 王福兴, 周宗奎, 邓素娥, 段朝辉. 记忆的生成绘图效应及其边界条件：一项元分析[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 29-43.
[5]	田惠东, 张玉红, 孙昊翔, 李瑛, 哈尼夏. 师生关系对智力障碍学生同伴交往能力的影响：有调节的中介模型[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 44-54.
[6]	陈启山, 何静怡. 女大学生室友的愤怒特质匹配与人际关系：有调节的多项式回归模型[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 55-63.
[7]	王鑫强, 李金文, 卢红燕, 赖正伟, 李佳源. 择偶优劣势对师范大学生教师职业认同的影响：择偶价值感的中介及自尊的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 64-73.
[8]	赵京伟, 陈晓旭, 任立文, 耿喆, 徐夫真. 父母心理控制与小学儿童焦虑：一个有调节的中介模型[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 93-102.
[9]	秦瑶, 彭运石. 父母教养方式对初中生社交焦虑的影响：同伴接纳和反刍思维的链式中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 103-113.
[10]	魏华, 丁慧敏, 陈武, 郝兴风, 熊婕. 父母低头行为与青少年网络欺负的关系：压力的中介作用与年龄的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 114-121.
[11]	樊香麟, 崔英锦. 客体化身体意识与女大学生限制性饮食行为的关系：外貌负面评价恐惧和社会文化压力的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 122-131.
[12]	张慧如, 张伟达, 傅王倩, 邓敏, 彭苏浩, 李玉. 孤独感对创造性倾向的影响：无聊倾向和焦虑情绪的中介作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 132-141.
[13]	王伊萌, 王振东, 汪凤炎. “当局者迷”破解之道：智慧的正念干预研究——个人成长主动性与反思的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(1): 142-152.
[14]	金星, 刘景弘, 马跃, 于战宇. 聋童和正常儿童身体表情注意瞬脱的比较研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(3): 305-312.
[15]	钟伟芳, 郭永兴. 语言范畴影响面部表情知觉的电生理学证据[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(3): 313-322.