Psychological Development and Education ›› 2013, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 174-182.

Previous Articles     Next Articles

The Relation Among Behavioral Inhibition, Maternal Parenting and Toddlers’ Behavioral Problem

DING Xiao-li, ZHANG Guang-zhen, LIANG Zong-bao, DENG Hui-hua, TANG Xin, LIU Ya-peng   

  1. Research Centre for Learing Sciencel Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  • Online:2013-03-15 Published:2013-03-15

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the relation among behavioral inhibition, parenting style and toddlers' behavioral problem in Chinese culture. A total of 200 toddlers who were about 24 months old and their mothers participated in this study. Mother-toddler dyads were observed in the laboratory, using a modified version of behavioral inhibition paradigm. Mothers also reported their parenting style and toddlers' behavioral problem. Scores of behavioral inhibition were obtained on the basis of coding of toddlers' behavior during observation. The results showed that: (1) behavioral inhibition was positively associated with toddlers' internalizing behavior problem, but not associated with externalizing behavioral problem; (2) mothers' rejection positively predicted toddlers' externalizing behavior problem; (3)protection and concern negatively predicted toddlers' externalizing behavior problem;(4) toddlers' gender moderated the recation between of mothers' parenting style and toddlers' behavior problem, and encouraging independence was negatively associated with boys' internalizing behavior problem while positively associated with girls' internalizing problem, we also found that rejection was not associated with boys' internalizing behavior problem while positively associated with girls' internalizing problem, and protection and punishment was associated with boys' but not girls' externalizing behavior problem. These results indicate that both inhibition and parenting style are associated with behavioral problem, and parental influences on toddlers are different for boys and girls.

Key words: behavioral inhibition, maternal parenting, behavioral problem, gender, moderating effect

CLC Number: 

  • B844.1
Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V., & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 542-559.
Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 182-186.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2008). Infant temperament, parenting, and externalizing behavior in first grade: A test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(2), 124-131.
Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., & Masten, A. S. (2008). The interplay of social competence and psychopathology over 20 years: Testing transactional and cascade models. Child Development, 79(2), 359-374.
Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen. Child Development, 66(1), 55-68.
Carter, A. S., & Briggs-Gowan, M. (1993). The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA).Unpublished Measure. Yale University Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT. University of Massachusets Boston Department of Psychology, Boston, MA. Available by request at alice.carter@umb.edu.
Carter, A. S., & Briggs-Gowan, M. (2000). The Infant-Toddler Socialand Emotional Assessment (ITSEA). Unpublished Manual. University of Massachusetts Boston Department of Psychology, Boston, MA. Yale University, New Haven, CT. Available by request at alice.carter@umb.edu.
Carter, A.S., Briggs-Gowan, M., Jones, S., & Little, T. (2003). The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional.Assessment (ITSEA): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,31(5), 495-514.
Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76(1), 182-195.
Chen, X., Chen, H., Li, D., & Wang, L. (2009). Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition and Social and School Adjustment in Chinese Children: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 80(6), 1692-1704.
Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental psychology, 34(4), 677.
Crozier, W. (1995). Shyness and self‐esteem in middle childhood. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(1), 85-95.
Deater-Deckard, K., Ivy, L., & Petrill, S. A. (2006). Maternal warmth moderates the link between physical punishment and child externalizing problems: A parent-offspring behavior genetic analysis. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6(1), 59-78.
Dennis, J. M., Phinney, J. S., & Chuateco, L. I. (2005). The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 223-236.
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 1244-1257.
Fox, J. (1991). Regression diagnostics: Sage Publications, Inc.
Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74(1), 257-278.
Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Scheier, L. M., Diaz, T., & Miller, N. L. (2000). Parenting practices as predictors of substance use, delinquency, and aggression among urban minority youth: Moderating effects of family structure and gender. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(2), 174.
Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 139-156.
Henderson, H. A., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2001). Temperamental contributions to social behavior: The moderating roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(1), 68-74.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Catalano, R. F., Hemphill, S. A., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2009). Longitudinal examination of physical and relational aggression as precursors to later problem behaviors in adolescents. Violence and victims, 24(1), 3.
Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological bulletin, 111(1), 127.
Hiramura, H., Uji, M., Shikai, N., Chen, Z., Matsuoka, N., & Kitamura, T. (2010). Understanding externalizing behavior from children's personality and parenting characteristics. Psychiatry research, 175(1), 142-147.
Ho, M. (1987). Family therapy with ethnic minority families: Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., et al. (2002). Observed and perceived parental overprotection in relation to psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with a physical disability: the mediational role of behavioral autonomy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 70(1), 96.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1986). Temperamental inhibition in early childhood. The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges, 53-67.
Kerr, D. C. R., Lopez, N. L., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2004). Parental discipline and externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: The roles of moral regulation and child gender. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 32(4), 369-383.
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Boris, N. W., Smyke, A. T., Cornell, A. H., Farrell, J. M., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(6), 741-752.
Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2005). Childhood temperament and family environment as predictors of internalizing and externalizing trajectories from ages 5 to 17. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 33(5), 505-520.
McKee, L., Roland, E., Coffelt, N., Olson, A. L., Forehand, R., Massari, C.,et al. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22(4), 187-196.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Schmidt, H., Gadet, B., & Bogie, N. (2001). Anxiety and depression as correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal adolescents. Behaviour research and therapy, 39(9), 1051-1061.
Nishikawa, S., Sundbom, E., & Hägglöf, B. (2010). Influence of perceived parental rearing on adolescent self-concept and internalizing and externalizing problems in Japan. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 57-66.
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Kerr, D. C. R., Lopez, N. L., & Wellman, H. M. (2005). Developmental foundations of externalizing problems in young children: The role of effortful control. Development and Psychopathology, 17(1), 25-45.
Rankin Williams, L., Degnan, K. A., Perez-Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S.,et al. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 37(8), 1063-1075.
Rende, R. D. (1993). Longitudinal relations between temperament traits and behavioral syndromes in middle childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 287-290.
Roelofs, J., Meesters, C., Ter Huurne, M., Bamelis, L., & Muris, P. (2006). On the links between attachment style, parental rearing behaviors, and internalizing and externalizing problems in non-clinical children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(3), 319-332.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2007). Temperament. Handbook of child psychology.
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73(2), 483-495.
Rubin, K. H., Hastings, P. D., Stewart, S. L., Henderson, H. A., & Chen, X. (1997). The consistency and concomitants of inhibition: Some of the children, all of the time. Child Development, 68(3), 467-483.
Sanson, A., Hemphill, S. A., & Smart, D. (2004). Connections between temperament and social development: A review. Social Development, 13(1), 142-170.
Schwartz, C. E., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1996). Early childhood temperament as a determinant of externalizing behavior in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 8(03), 527-537.
Shaw, D. S., Lacourse, E., & Nagin, D. S. (2005). Developmental trajectories of conduct problems and hyperactivity from ages 2 to 10. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(9), 931-942.
Simons-Morton, B., & Chen, R. (2005). Latent growth curve analyses of parent influences on drinking progression among early adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 66(1), 5.
Steinberg, L., Blatt‐Eisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 47-58.
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Fabes, R. A., Losoya, S.,et al. (2004). The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children's externalizing problems: A longitudinal assessment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1171-1196.
Van Aken, C., Junger, M., Verhoeven, M., Van Aken, M., & Deković, M. (2008). The longitudinal relations between parenting and toddlers’ attention problems and aggressive behaviors. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(3), 432-446.
Xing, X., Wang, M., Zhang, Q., He, X., & Zhang, W. (2011). Gender differences in the reciprocal relationships between parental physical aggression and children's externalizing problem behavior in China. Journal of family psychology, 25(5), 699.
陈会昌, 孙铃, 张云运, 陈欣银. (2005). 儿童 4 岁到 7 岁社交退缩行为的适应意义. 心理科学, 28(5), 1035-1038.
侯静, 陈会昌, 陈欣银. (2009). 儿童 2~7 岁行为抑制性发展对 7 岁时问题行为, 学校适应的预测作用. 心理发展与教育(2), 13-20.
刘亚鹏, 张光珍, 梁宗保, 邓慧华, 陆祖宏. (2011). 父亲养育压力的稳定性及对儿童学步期问题行为的预测. 心理发展与教育, 27(6), 599-606.
吕勤, 陈会昌, 王莉, 陈欣银. (2002). 父母教养态度与儿童在 2~4 岁期间的问题行为. 心理学报, 35(1), 89-92.
张晓, 陈会昌, 张桂芳, 周博芳, 吴巍. (2008). 亲子关系与问题行为的动态相互作用模型: 对儿童早期的追踪研究. 心理学报, 40(5), 571-582.
[1] GUO Jiacheng, DONG Rouchun, XU Fang, XU Xuan, NIU Gengfeng, ZHOU Zongkui. The Relationship between Social Presence and College Students’ Online Flaming: The Parallel Mediating Roles of Dual Self-awareness and the Moderating Role of Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(2): 176-186.
[2] WANG Yulong, ZHAO Jingfei, LIN Xiuyun. Cumulative Effects of Family Risk Factors on Adolescent Non-suicidal Self-injury and Its Gender Difference [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(2): 240-247.
[3] ZOU Shengqi, WU Xinchun. Association between Parental Conflict and Peer Attachment: An Examination of the Mediation Effect of Parent-adolescent Attachment and Gender Difference [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(6): 798-807.
[4] LI Tiantian, DONG Huiqin. Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict and Anxiety: The Mediating Effect of Attention to Positive and Negative Information and the Moderating Effect of Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(4): 488-496.
[5] ZHAO Xian, WANG Zhihang, WANG Dongfang, YUAN Yanyun, YIN Xiayun, LI Zhihua. Developmental Trajectory of Prosocial Behavior in Impoverished Children during Early Adolescence: The Effects of Gender and Parenting Style Heterogeneity [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 323-332.
[6] WANG Yue, XIONG Yuke, REN Ping, YANG Liu, MIAO Wei. Effects of Bully-victimization on Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Role of Moral Disengagement and Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 410-418.
[7] LU Minghui, WANG Rong, ZHANG Limin. Relationship between Parents’ Resilience and Emotional/Behavioral Problems in Children with ASD: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(2): 247-254.
[8] LI Yixuan, WANG Zeyu, ZHOU Mingyang, YANG Yuchuan, ZHAO Minxiang, DONG Yan. The Relation between Peer Academic Support and Academic Emotions in High School Physics and Chemistry: The Mediation Role of Academic Self-efficacy and the Moderation Role of Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(1): 58-67.
[9] ZHU Zhongye, XIE Yuhong, LIU Lei. The Effects of Gender and Gain-loss Situation on Delay Discounting of College Students under Positive and Negative Reference Points [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(5): 618-625.
[10] XIAO Xue, GUO Lei, ZHAO Yongping, CHEN Fuguo. Cumulative Ecological Risk on Bullying Victimization in Junior High School Students: The Moderating Effects of Resilience [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(5): 648-657.
[11] LI Beilei, GAO Ting, ZHANG Lili, ZHOU Nan, DENG Linyuan. Relationship between Student’s Perceived Teacher Bullying Attitude and Student Bullying Behavior:Mediating Effect of Student Bullying Attitude and Moderating Effect of Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(3): 348-357.
[12] BAI Rong, YAN Rong, WANG Qian, LI Ye, XING Shufen. The Relationships between Executive Functions and Problem Behavior: Situational Specificity and Gender Differences [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(1): 35-44.
[13] LIU Chunhui, LIU Sijia, GUO Xiaolin, LUO Liang. Relationship between Mother's Son Preference and Parent-child Communication: The Moderating Role of Children's Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(1): 64-71.
[14] LI Qiming. The Intergenerational Transmission of Dual Filial Piety: The Moderating Effect of Parent-child Gender and Child Age [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(6): 808-817.
[15] REN Ping, WEI Yi, MENG Xiaozhe, QIN Xingna, WANG Xuan. The Effect of Victimization on Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Roles of Sadness Rumination, Anger Rumination and Gender Differences [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(6): 873-881.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!