3～6岁儿童“心理理论”的发展

摘要/Abstract

摘要： “心理理论”是发展心理学的研究热点,在儿童获得心理理论的年龄和发展阶段问题上仍存在争议。该研究以3所城市幼儿园中的233名3-6岁儿童为被试,采用“意外转移”和“欺骗外表”两个错误信念测验任务考察儿童“心理理论”的获得年龄和发展阶段。研究得出如下结论:3岁之前儿童已理解外表与真实的区别,但还不能理解错误信念。 4岁儿童理解了欺骗外表任务中自己和他人的错误信念,5岁儿童理解了意外转移任务中的错误信念。4-5岁是儿童获得“心理理论”的关键年龄,但这会因测验任务的不同而有所差异。儿童的错误信念理解不存在显著的性别差异。

关键词: 心理理论, 表征变化, 错误信念, 儿童

Abstract: Theory-of-mind(TOM)is an area of much concern among developmental psychologists.Disagreements still existed among researchers concerning the age at which children obtain TOM and the stages of its development.In the present study,the ‘unexpected transfer' and‘deceptive appearance' test tasks were employed in a sample of 233 3-6 years old children from three urban kindergartens,in an effort to explore when children obtain the ability of TOM and how this ability developed with children's age.The results indicated that children had developed the ability to distinguish between appearance and reality before the age of three,but they could not understand false beliefs.Four-years old children developed the understanding of both his ther own and others'false beliefs in the deceptive appearance task,and five-year old children were able to understand the false beliefs in the unexpected transfer task.Age from 4 to 5 seems to be the critical age at which children obtain theory-of-mind,but it could vary with the test tasks employed.No significant gender difference was found in children's understanding of false beliefs.

Key words: theory-of-mind, appearance-reality distinction, representational change, false belief

中图分类号:

B844.1

王益文, 张文新. 3～6岁儿童“心理理论”的发展[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2002, 18(1): 11-15.

WANG Yi-wen, ZHANG Wen-xin. Development of Theory-of-Mind of 3-6 Years Old Children[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2002, 18(1): 11-15.

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