Table of Content

15 March 2017, Volume 33 Issue 2

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Characteristics of the Spatial Representation of Magnitude:SNARC Effect across Audiovisual Channels

ZHAO Qi, LI Longfeng, DENG Zhijun, CHEN Yinghe

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  129-138.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.01

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Two experiments were conducted in the present study to examine the features of the spatial representation of magnitude through visual,auditory,and cross-modal perception.Numerical comparison tasks were adapted from a cross-modal perspective.Results in Experiment 1 revealed that SNARC effect was presented through either visual or auditory channel.For the cross-modal perception in Experiment 2,when the magnitude of number in the priming channel was consistent or irrelevant with that in the main channel,the SNARC effect was found to be similar to Experiment 1,whether the priming channel was a visual or auditory one.However,when the magnitude of number in the priming channel was inconsistent with that in the main channel,the SNARC effect of the main channel was found to be significantly reduced or even disappear.These results provided further evidence that SNARC effect would be affected by situations.In addition,this study also found that for the spatial representation of magnitude under cross-modal perception,numerical information from the auditory channel might have a greater influence on the spatial representation of magnitude in the visual channel rather than vice versa.

A Study about the Effects of Different Interpersonal Situations on Working Memory

CAO Yushu, XU Lulu, HE Wen, LUO Junlong, LI Haijiang

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  139-144.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.02

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To investigate the effects of interpersonal context on working memory (WM),participants first underwent one of the three interpersonal situations (interpersonal trust,interpersonal betrayal and altruistic punishment after the betrayal) in trust game task and then performed an N-Back WM task.The results showed that:(1) the accuracies of N-back WM task decreased significantly with the increase of task difficulty.In addition,in the 1-back condition,the accuracies of interpersonal trust and altruistic punishment after the betrayal were higher than that of interpersonal betrayal;in the 2-back condition,the accuracy of interpersonal trust was higher than that of interpersonal betrayal and altruistic punishment after the betrayal;in the 3-back condition,there were no significant differences between groups;(2) the reaction time became significantly longer with the increase of the task difficulty.In the 1-back condition,the reaction time of interpersonal trust and altruistic punishment after the betrayal was lower than that of interpersonal betrayal;in the 2-back and 3-back condition,no significant difference was found across groups.These results suggested that the effect of interpersonal experiences on WM performance is modulated by task difficulty.

The Storage Mechanism of Object and Spatial Working Memory for the 3-D Graphs

WU Wenchun, SUN Yueliang, XU Xue

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  145-152.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.03

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Using single change-detection paradigm,this study explored the storage unit of visual object working memory and visual spatial working memory for the 3-D graphs with features of double dimensions.The stimulus graphs in experiment 1 were defined by basic features of color and shape,and the memory materials in experiment 2 were presented by different colors and textures.Sixty undergraduates participated two experiments (Each for 30,their age ranged from 19 to 24,mean age were 21.25 and 21.75 respectively).Results of two experiments showed that there was no significant difference between the mean detection accuracies of feature exchange condition and the worst accuracy of single feature change conditions.These findings revealed that the 3-D graphs composed of two heterogeneous features were both stored as integrated units in object working memory and spatial working memory.

Parental Rearing Pattern Mediates the Association between Social Economic Status and Cognitive Ability of Migrant Children

ZHANG Xiyang, LENG Lu, CHEN Hongjun, FANG Xiaoyi, SHU Zeng, LIN Xiuyun

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  153-162.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.04

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This study investigated the influence of social economic status (SES) on migrant children's cognitive ability and the mediating effect of parenting style between them by conducting questionnaire survey and behavioral experiment on 133 migrant children and 129 non-migrant children from a local primary school in Beijing.Results show that:(1) Comparing to non-migrant children,the migrant children's working memory and metacognition are poorer,SES is lower and parenting style is more negative.(2) For migrant children,SES is significantly correlated with metacognition,and several dimensions of parenting style are significantly correlated with metacognition.Only over-protection and interference of mother is significantly related to attention.(3) For migrant children,father's emotional warmth and understanding partly mediates the relationship between SES and metacognition with an effect value of 30%.

The Effect of Prosocial Autonomous Motivation on Adolescents' Well-being and Prosocial Behavior:The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction

YANG Ying, KOU Yu

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  163-171.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.05

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Prosocial behavior was considered as a critical way to help individuals gain happiness.However,Self-determination theory suggests that the degree to which a prosocial act is autonomous predicts its effect on well-being and the maintenance of prosocial behavior.The present study combined a questionnaire survey (study 1) and an experimental design (study 2) to investigate the effect of prosocial autonomous motivation on Chinese adolescents' well-being and prosocial behavior,and also examine the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction.A sample of 293 adolescents participated in study 1.They were asked to complete a questionnaire containing prosocial self-regulatory scale,basic psychological needs satisfaction scale,Chinese positive affect and negative affect scale,satisfaction with life scale,and adolescents'prosocial behavior scale.Using an experimental design,study 2 manipulated prosocial motivation (autonomous/controlled) by hypothetical scenarios,and participants were randomly assigned to either of the two groups.Two hundred and five adolescents were asked to read the scenarios related to prosocial motivation,and then completed subsequent questionnaire measuring basic psychological needs satisfaction,well-being and prosocial behavior.The results showed that prosocial autonomous motivation positively predicted adolescents' well-being and prosocial behavior.Moreover,the basic psychological needs satisfaction mediated the positive relationship between prosocial autonomous motivation and well-being,and the positive relationship between prosocial autonomous motivation and prosocial behavior.The theoretical and practical implications,as well as the limitations of the present study,were discussed.

The Influence of Coping Strategies and Pressure on Social Adjustment in Secondary School Students:Longitudinal Mediation Models

LI Caina, SUN Cuicui, XU Enzhen, GU Jiaojiao, ZHANG Qingyao

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  172-182.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.06

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In prior research much attention has been drawn to the concern of social adjustment during puberty,while few researchers have addressed the longitudinal mediation mechanism among coping,pressure and social adjustment.Path analysis was utilized in current research to investigate the longitudinal associations among pressure,coping and social adjustment using a sample of 369 Chinese secondary school students from seventh grade to ninth grade.Results indicate the hypothesized link between pressure and adjustment,the link between coping and adjustment,and the role of coping played on pressure were validated.Furthermore,the association between initial negative coping and later negative social adjustment was longitudinally mediated by pressure,providing support for the mediation mechanism in which negative coping leads to an increase in pressure,which in turn worsens students'social adjustment.Findings suggest that the effect of coping on pressure and the longitudinal indirect effect of pressure on social adjustment through coping remains to be verified in the future.

The Effect of Online Social Support on Online Altruistic Behavior:The Role of Gratitude and Social Identity

YANG Xinxin, LIU Qinxue, ZHOU Zongkui

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  183-190.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.07

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The present study examined whether gratitude mediated the relationship between online social support and online altruistic behavior,and whether this mediating process was moderated by social identity.442 college students from three universities in Hubei province completed anonymous questionnaires regarding online altruistic behavior,online social support,gratitude and social identity.The results showed that:(1) social support predicted online altruistic behavior positively and (2) the positive association was mediated by gratitude;(3) moreover,the mediating effect was moderated by social identity.The results would be helpful to understand the role of individual factors (i.e.,graditude) in the effect of social support on online altruistic behaviors.

Just World Belief and Achievements in Secondary School Students:The Mediators of Perceived Teachers'Support and Classroom Justice

REN Ping, ZHANG Yunyun, QIN Xingna, GUO Xiaolin, ZHAO Qian

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  191-197.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.08

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It has been found that belief in a just world (BJW) could affect adolescents'development positively.However,the potential pathway which links BJW and achievement remains unclear,particularly under the class justice context.Conducted with a sample of 2584 participants in seventh grade in Zhengzhou,this current research explored the effects of BJW on their academic achievement and the mediating roles of students'subjective experience of their teachers'support and classroom justice.The structural equation model found that the more students believed in a just world,the better grades they received.Furthermore,the students'BJW could positively affect achievement not only by perceived teachers'support and classroom justice respectively,but also by perceived teachers'support via the multiple mediator effect of classroom justice when controlled for gender and age.These findings suggested that the just and supportive classroom environment plays an important role between adolescents'BJW and their academic achievement.

School Climate and Academic Achievement among Junior Middle School Students:A Moderated Mediation Model of Academic Emotions and Future Orientation

LI Wentao, LIU Xuelan, YU Chengfu, ZHANG Caixia, YE Peijue

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  198-205.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.09

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The present study investigated the relationship between school climate and junior middle school students'academic achievement,and was to explore the mediating effect of academic emotions as well as the moderating effect of future orientation.The school climate questionnaire,academic emotions questionnaire,future orientation scale,and academic achievement questionnaire were administered to 1243 junior middle school students (51% female) from two junior middle schools.Results were as follows:(1) after controlling for gender,grade,and SES,school climate could positively predict junior middle school students'academic achievement.(2) school climate influenced junior middle school students'academic achievement directly and indirectly through the positive low arousal and negative low arousal academic emotions.(3) future orientation moderated the mediation models:school climate-positive low arousal/negative low arousal academic emotions-academic achievement.Moreover,future orientation moderated the relationship between school climate and positive low arousal academic emotions,such that this indirect effect was much stronger for junior middle school students with high future orientation.While future orientation moderated the relationship between negative low arousal academic emotions and academic achievement,such that this indirect effect was much stronger for junior middle school students with low future orientation.

Assessing the Latent Structure of PTSD among Chinese Adolescent after Earthquake

ZHOU Xiao, WU Xinchun, AN Yuanyuan, LIN Chongde

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  206-215.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.10

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To examine the underlying substructure of posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among adolescent samples after earthquake,this study used confirmatory factor analysis alternative model approach to investigate 746 adolescents one year after the Wenchuan earthquake.Participants completed the Children PTSD Checklist and the depression scale for children.The results found that 5-factors Dysphoric Arousal model entailing experiencing,avoidance,emotional numbing,dysphoria arousal,and anxious arousal,was significantly superior to DSM-IV PTSD model,4-factor emotional numbing model,and 4-factor dysphoria model.Moreover,the findings also suggested that 5-factors Dysphoric Arousal model has good external discriminant validity.These results indicated that 5-factors Dysphoric Arousal PTSD model was better applicable to adolescent following earthquake,and considered validated criteria for check adolescents'PTSD symptoms.

The Interaction between Val158Met Polymorphism in the COMT Gene and Peer Relationship on Adolescents' Depression

CAO Yanmiao, LIN Xiaonan, JI Linqin, ZHANG Yueping, ZHANG Wenxin

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  216-227.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.11

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Catecholamine plays a central role in mood regulation and the development of depressive disorders.The present study investigated whether a functional polymorphism (Val158Met) of the catechol-O-methyltrans-ferase gene interacts with peer acceptance or peer rejection in the prediction of depression.A sample of 15 years old students (n=1,048,50% female) from a large longitudinal study of China were completed a questionnaire and gave a saliva sample for DNA extraction.When the whole population was analyzed,no main effects of COMT or peer relationship in association with depression were found.The COMT gene interacted with the two forms of peer relationships in predicting adolescent depression.Specifically,adolescents with ValVal homozygotes exhibited lower levels of depression when experiencing higher levels of peer acceptance or lower levels of peer rejection,but reported higher levels of depression when they were exposure to lower levels of peer acceptance or higher levels of peer rejection,relative to their counterparts with Met alleles.But there were no significant three-way interactions among gender,COMT gene and peer relationships on depression.When separated by gender,a significant G×E interaction effect of the ValVal genotype was found among boys.No G×E interaction effect was found among girls.The present study provides strong support for the differential susceptibility hypothesis.Besides,these findings highlight the importance of investigating the moderating role of gender and suggest that adolescent depression has complex genetic underpinnings which vary across genders.

Exposure to Community Violence and Externalizing Problem Behavior among Adolescents:A Moderated Mediation Model

ZHANG Yibo, ZHANG Wei, ZHU Jianjun, YU Chengfu, CHEN Yuanyuan, LU Zhenhui

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  228-239.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.12

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This study constructed a moderated mediation model to investigate the relationship between exposure to community violence (ECV) and externalizing problem behavior,and was to explore the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation as well as the moderating effect of father-child/mother-child relationship.With stratified-cluster sampling method,1401 middle school students completed questionnaire measures of exposure to community violence,deviant peer affiliationt,parent-child relationship and externalizing problem behavior.Results were as follows:(1) ECV could positively predict externalizing problem behavior.(2) ECV influenced adolescents'externalizing problem behavior directly and indirectly through deviant peer affiliation.(3) father-child/mother-child relationship moderated the mediated path.Moreover,mother-child relationship moderated the relationship between ECV and deviant peer affiliation,while father-child relationship moderated the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and adolescents'externalizing problem behavior.

Relationships between Social Support and Aggression of Adolescents:The Chain Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Self-Control

LI Xiangnan, LI Zhiyong, ZHANG Li

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  240-248.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.13

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Aggression is an important index to measure adolescents'psychological quality and mental health.By integrating environment (social support) with psychological factors (self-esteem and self-control),this study aimed to investigate how these factors influenced adolescents'aggression.We tested the mediating role of self-control between social support and aggression,self-esteem and aggression,as well as the chain mediating roles of self-esteem and self-control between social support and aggression.A total of 559 adolescents from a middle school in Chongqing were recruited and completed the Scale of Social Support System,Self-Esteem Scale,Self-Control Scale and Aggression Questionnaires.The results indicated that:(1) social support,self-esteem and self-control were negatively related to adolescents'aggression;(2) social support and self-esteem had influence on aggression through the completely mediating role of self-control;(3) social support also affected adolescents'aggression through the chain mediating roles of self-esteem and self-control.Specifically,social support influenced self-esteem which exerted an effect on self-control,and then self-control had an effect on aggression.Therefore,social support not only directly affected adolescents'aggression,but also indirectly influenced their aggression through the multiple mediating effects of self-esteem and self-control.

The Effects of Difficulties in Emotional Regulation on College Students' Mobile Phone Addiction:The Chain Mediating Effect of Facial Negative Physical Self and Social Avoidance and Distress

YE Baojuan, FANG Xiaoting, YANG Qiang, ZHENG Qing, LIU Linlin, GUO Shaoyang

Psychological Development and Education. 2017, 33(2):  249-256.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.02.14

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The present study aimed to explore characteristics of mobile phone addiction in college students and to explore the chain mediation mechanism among difficulties in emotional regulation,social avoidance and distress,facial negative physical self and mobile phone addiction after controlling for several demographic variables.734 college students of four schools were recruited in the study to complete difficulties in emotional regulation scale,social avoidance and distress scale,facial negative physical self scale and college students' mobile phone addiction tendency scale.The results indicated that:(1) difficulties in emotional regulation positively predicted college students' mobile phone addiction;(2) facial negative physical self mediated the effect of difficulties in emotional regulation on college students' mobile phone addiction;(3) social avoidance and distress mediated the effect of facial negative physical self on college students' mobile phone addiction;(4) social avoidance and distress mediated the effect of difficulties in emotional regulation on college students' mobile phone addiction.