Psychological Development and Education ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 635-647.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.05.04

Previous Articles     Next Articles

The Effect of Parental Perceived Family Stress on Child Problem Behaviors: The Mediating Roles of Parental Psychological Aggression and Child Cortisol Response to Stress

FU Xuewei1, SUN Jianing1, XIAO Jiale1, WANG Haosen2, LIN Danhua1   

  1. 1. Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875;
    2. Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
  • Published:2022-09-14

Abstract: Problem behaviors is related to a series of individual and contextual factors. A sample of 150 Chinese children and their parents participated in the present study. Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) was conducted to induce cortisol stress response among children. Parents reported perceived family stress, parent-child psychological aggression, and their children's problem behaviors. Results revealed that:(1) parental perceived family stress positively predicted child problem behaviors; (2) psychological aggression mediated the relation between family stress and child problem behaviors; (3) psychological aggression and cortisol response sequentially mediated the relation between family stress and child problem behaviors. The present study revealed the psychological and physiological mechanisms through which family stress was associated with child problem behaviors, and may yield critical implications for targeting intervention approaches in terms of child psychopathology.

Key words: family stress, psychological aggression, cortisol response to stress, problem behaviors

CLC Number: 

  • B844
Achenbach, T. M. (1991).Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Burlington.
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning:Preliminary data in healthy, White women.Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
Allwood, M. A., Handwerger, K., Kivlighan, K. T., Granger, D. A., & Stroud, L. R. (2011). Direct and moderating links of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol stress-reactivity to youth behavioral and emotional adjustment.Biological Psychology, 88(1), 57-64.
Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior. Child Development, 76(6), 1144-1159.
BeLue, R., Halgunseth, L. C., Abiero, B., & Bediako, P. (2015). Maternal health status and parenting stress in low-income, ethnic-minority mothers of children with conduct disorder problems:The role of daily parenting hassles.Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 2(4), 501-509.
Bernard, K., Frost, A., Bennett, C. B., & Lindhiem, O. (2017). Maltreatment and diurnal cortisol regulation:A meta-analysis.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 57-67.
Boss, P., Bryant, C. M., & Mancini, J. A. (2016).Family stress management:A contextual approach. Sage Publications.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century:Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings.Social Development, 9(1), 115-125.
Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Pears, K. C., & Levine, S. (2009). Morning cortisol levels in preschool-aged foster children:Differential effects of maltreatment type.Developmental Psychobiology, 51(1), 14-23.
Bunea, I. M., Szentágotai-Tǎtar, A., & Miu, A. C. (2017). Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress:A meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 7, Article 1274.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0032-3
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017). Dimensions of adversity, physiological reactivity, and externalizing psychopathology in adolescence:Deprivation and threat.Psychosomatic Medicine, 79(2), 162-171.
Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children:A review of recent research.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(1), 113-149.
Chassin, L., Bountress, K., Haller, M., & Wang, F. (2014). Adolescent substance use disorders. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.),Child Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 180-221). The Guilford Press.
Chen, F. R., Raine, A., Rudo-Hutt, A. S., Glenn, A. L., Soyfer, L., & Granger, D. A. (2015). Harsh discipline and behavior problems:The moderating effects of cortisol and alpha-amylase.Biological Psychology, 104, 19-27.
Chen, G., Kong, Y., Deater-Deckard, K., & Zhang, W. (2018). Bullying victimization heightens cortisol response to psychosocial stress in Chinese children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(5), 1051-1059.
Chiang, J. J., Tsai, K. M., Park, H., Bower, J. E., Almeida, D. M., Dahl, R. E., … Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Daily family stress and HPA axis functioning during adolescence:The moderating role of sleep.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71, 43-53.
Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders.Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 319-331.
Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental Psychopathology. In M. E. Lamb, A. M. Freund, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.),The handbook of life-span development, Vol 2:Social and emotional development (pp. 511-589). John Wiley & Sons.
Conger, K. J., Rueter, M. A., & Conger, R. D. (2000). The role of economic pressure in the lives of parents and their adolescents:The Family Stress Model. In L. J. Crockett & R. K. Silbereisen (Eds.),Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 201-223). Cambridge University Press.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development.Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685-704.
Cortina, J. M., & Landis, R. S. (2009). When small effect sizes tell a big story, and when large effect sizes don't. In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends:Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 287-308). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Crnic, K. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children.Child Development, 61(5), 1628-1637.
DePasquale, C. E., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019). Pubertal recalibration of cortisol reactivity following early life stress:A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(5), 566-575.
Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Burks, V. S., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Fontaine, R., & Price, J. M. (2003). Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children.Child Development, 74(2), 374-393.
Duprey, E. B., Oshri, A., Liu, S., Kogan, S. M., & Caughy, M. O. B. (2021). Physiological stress response reactivity mediates the link between emotional abuse and youth internalizingproblems. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 52(3),450-463.
Fisher, P. A., Kim, H. K., Bruce, J., & Pears, K. C. (2012). Cumulative effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on foster children's HPA-axis reactivity during a psychosocial stressor.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(1), 29-35.
Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2008). Parenting stress as a predictor of age upon admission to a child psychiatric inpatient facility.Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(2), 171-183.
Foley, P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010). Human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute psychosocial stress in laboratory settings.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 91-96.
Gámez-Guadix, M., Straus, M. A., Carrobles, J. A., Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., & Almendros, C. (2010). Corporal punishment and long-term behavior problems:The moderating role of positive parenting and psychological aggression.Psicothema, 22(4), 529-536.
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences:A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539-579.
Goldstein, S. E., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Parents, peers, and problem behavior:A longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behavior. Developmental Psychology, 41(2), 401-413.
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Parenting styles and bullying. The mediating role of parental psychological aggression and physical punishment.Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 132-143.
Gross, A. B., & Keller, H. R. (1992). Long-term consequences of childhood physical and psychological maltreatment.Aggressive Behavior, 18(3), 171-185.
Halpern, L. F. (2004). The relations of coping and family environment to preschoolers' problem behavior.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 399-421.
Hankin, B. L., Badanes, L. S., Abela, J. R., & Watamura, S. E. (2010). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in dysphoric children and adolescents:Cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress from preschool through middle adolescence.Biological Psychiatry, 68(5), 484-490.
Harkness, K. L., Stewart, J. G., & Wynne-Edwards, K. E. (2011). Cortisol reactivity to social stress in adolescents:Role of depression severity and child maltreatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(2), 173-181.
Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., Binggeli, N. J., & Davidson, H. A. (2002). Psychological maltreatment. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, C. Jenny, & T. A. Reid (Eds.),The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed., pp. 79-103). Sage Publications.
Hartman, C. A., Hermanns, V. W., de Jong, P. J., & Ormel, J. (2013). Self- or parent report of (co-occurring) internalizing and externalizing problems, and basal or reactivity measures of HPA-axis functioning:A systematic evaluation of the internalizing-hyperresponsivity versus externalizing-hyporesponsivity HPA-axis hypothesis. Biological Psychology, 94(1), 175-184.
Holochwost, S. J., Wang, G., Kolacz, J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Klika, J. B., & Jaffee, S. R. (2021). The neurophysiological embedding of child maltreatment.Development and Psychopathology, 33, 1107-1137.
Huang, Y., Zhou, R., Wu, M., Wang, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Premenstrual syndrome is associated with blunted cortisol reactivity to the TSST.Stress, 18(2), 160-168.
Huth-Bocks, A. C., & Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children's adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence.Journal of Family Violence, 23(4), 243-251.
Janssens, A., Van Den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Colpin, H., De Laet, S., … Van Leeuwen, K. (2015). Externalizing problem behavior in adolescence:Dopaminergic genes in interaction with peer acceptance and rejection.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(7), 1441-1456.
Jocson, R. M., & McLoyd, V. C. (2015).Neighborhood and housing disorder, parenting, and youth adjustment in low-income urban families. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(3-4), 304-313.
Juster, R.-P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2-16.
Kaiser, N. C., & Miller-Perrin, C. L. (2009). Examining the relationship between parental psychological aggression, parental neglect, and substance abuse in young adults.Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 1(1), 97-119.
Karreman, A., Van Tuijl, C., Van Aken, M. A., & Dekovic, M. (2008). Parenting, coparenting, and effortful control in preschoolers.Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 30-40.
Katz, L. F., Stettler, N., & Gurtovenko, K. (2016). Traumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to intimate partner violence:The role of parent emotion socialization and children's emotion regulation abilities. Social Development, 25(1), 47-65.
Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2003). Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 504-515.
Koss, K. J., Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2017). Patterns of adolescent regulatory responses during family conflict and mental health trajectories.Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(1), 229-245.
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). Annual research review:Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 327-346.
Koss, K. J., Mliner, S. B., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2016). Early adversity, hypocortisolism, and behavior problems at school entry:A study of internationally adopted children.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 31-38.
Kremer, K. P., Flower, A., Huang, J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2016). Behavior problems and children's academic achievement:A test of growth-curve models with gender and racial differences. Children and Youth Services Review, 67, 95-104.
Krieger, J., & Higgins, D. L. (2002). Housing and health:Time again for public health action. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 758-768.
Kuhlman, K. R., Geiss, E. G., Vargas, I., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2015). Differential associations between childhood trauma subtypes and adolescent HPA-axis functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 54, 103-114.
Kwak, Y. (2017).Reciprocal Relationships between Parental Psychological Aggression and Adolescent Behavioral Problems (Doctoral dissertation). Purdue University,West Lafayette.
Laurent, H., Vergara-Lopez, C., & Stroud, L. R. (2016). Differential relations between youth internalizing/externalizing problems and cortisol responses to performance vs. interpersonal stress.Stress, 19(5), 492-498.
Leung, P. W., Wong, W. C., Chen, W.-Q., & Tang, C. S. (2008). Prevalence and determinants of child maltreatment among high school students in Southern China:A large scale school based survey. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 1-8.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect:Distribution of the product and resampling methods.Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128.
Maldonado, E. F., Fernandez, F. J., Trianes, M. V., Wesnes, K., Petrini, O., Zangara, A., … Ambrosetti, L. (2008). Cognitive performance and morning levels of salivary cortisol and α-amylase in children reporting high vs. low daily stress perception.The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 3-15.
Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development:A review of the Family Stress Model.Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85-90.
McCubbin, H. I., & Patterson, J. M. (1983). The family stress process:The double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation.Marriage & Family Review, 6(1-2), 7-37.
Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D., & Kocur, J. L. (2009). Parental physical and psychological aggression:Psychological symptoms in young adults.Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 1-11.
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans.Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25-45.
Nachshen, J. S., Garcin, N., & Minnes, P. (2005). Problem behavior in children with intellectual disabilities:Parenting stress, empowerment and school services.Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 8(4), 105-114.
Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). Effects of economic hardship:Testing the family stress model over time.Journal of Family Psychology, 30(1), 12-21.
Peckins, M. K., Susman, E. J., Negriff, S., Noll, J., & Trickett, P. K. (2015). Cortisol profiles:A test for adaptive calibration of the stress response system in maltreated and nonmaltreated youth.Development and Psychopathology, 27(4pt2), 1461-1470.
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status:Reliability, validity, and initial norms.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 117-133.
Peterson, J., & Hawley, D. R. (1998). Effects of stressors on parenting attitudes and family functioning in a primary prevention program.Family Relations, 47(3), 221-227.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Ponnet, K. (2014). Financial stress, parent functioning and adolescent problem behavior:An actor-partner interdependence approach to family stress processes in low-, middle-, and high-income families.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(10), 1752-1769.
Ponnet, K., Van Leeuwen, K., Wouters, E., & Mortelmans, D. (2015). A family system approach to investigate family-based pathways between financial stress and adolescent problem behavior.Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(4), 765-780.
Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(7), 916-931.
Raffington, L., Prindle, J., Keresztes, A., Binder, J., Heim, C., & Shing, Y. L. (2018). Blunted cortisol stress reactivity in low-income children relates to lower memory function.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 90, 110-121.
Reef, J., Diamantopoulou, S., van Meurs, I., Verhulst, F., & van der Ende, J. (2010). Predicting adult emotional and behavioral problems from externalizing problem trajectories in a 24-year longitudinal study.European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(7), 577-585.
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families:Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 330-366.
Sheridan, M. A., How, J., Araujo, M., Schamberg, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2013). What are the links between maternal social status, hippocampal function, and HPA axis function in children?Developmental Science, 16(5), 665-675.
Skoluda, N., Strahler, J., Schlotz, W., Niederberger, L., Marques, S., Fischer, S.,… Nater, U. M. (2015). Intra-individual psychological and physiological responses to acute laboratory stressors of different intensity.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 227-236.
Stone, L. L., Mares, S. H., Otten, R., Engels, R. C., & Janssens, J. M. (2016). The co-development of parenting stress and childhood internalizing and externalizing problems.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(1), 76-86.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales:Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents.Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), 249-270.
Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior:Stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(3), 376-389.
Tan, T. X., Camras, L. A., Deng, H., Zhang, M., & Lu, Z. (2012). Family stress, parenting styles, and behavioral adjustment in preschool-age adopted Chinese girls.Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(1), 128-136.
Trentacosta, C. J., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. (2008). The relations among cumulative risk, parenting, and behavior problems during early childhood.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(11), 1211-1219.
Trickett, P. K., Gordis, E., Peckins, M. K., & Susman, E. J. (2014). Stress reactivity in maltreated and comparison male and female young adolescents.Child Maltreatment, 19(1), 27-37.
Wang, M., & Liu, L. (2014). Parental harsh discipline in mainland China:Prevalence, frequency, and coexistence.Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(6), 1128-1137.
Wang, M., Wang, X., & Liu, L. (2016). Paternal and maternal psychological and physical aggression and children's anxiety in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 12-20.
Warren, E. J., & Font, S. A. (2015). Housing insecurity, maternal stress, and child maltreatment:An application of the family stress model.Social Service Review, 89(1), 9-39.
White, L. O., Ising, M., von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., … Müller-Myhsok, B. (2017). Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(9), 998-1007.
Wong, R. S. M., Yu, E. Y. T., Guo, V. Y., Wan, E. Y.-F., Chin, W.-Y., Wong, C. K. H., … Ip, P. (2018). A prospective cohort study to investigate parental stress and child health in low-income Chinese families:protocol paper. BMJ Open, 8(2), Article e018792.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018792
Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Georgiades, S., Volden, J., … Smith, I. (2014). Examination of bidirectional relationships between parent stress and two types of problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1908-1917.
方杰, 张敏强, 邱皓政. (2012). 中介效应的检验方法和效果量测量:回顾与展望. 心理发展与教育, 28(1), 105-111.
何晓丽, 袁小龙, 胡铭, 周丽晨. (2020). 父母元情绪理念与青少年问题行为:迷走神经的调节作用. 心理学报, 52(8), 971-981.
季成叶. (2007). 中国青少年健康相关/危险行为调查综合报告2005. 北京大学医学出版社.
金英娣. (2013). 父母心理攻击与小学儿童焦虑的关系(硕士学位论文). 山东师范大学,济南.
刘蓓, 魏志民, 邢晓沛, 王美芳. (2012). 父母严厉管教与初中生外化问题行为的关系. 中国临床心理学杂志, 20(6), 842-845.
刘莉. (2012). 父母教养压力, 严厉管教与学前儿童问题行为的关系(硕士学位论文). 山东师范大学,济南.
王晓蕾, 陈丽华, 卜钰, 林丹华. (2018). 父子依恋, 母子依恋与儿童应激下皮质醇反应的关系. 心理发展与教育, 34(1), 10-20.
王晓蕾, 陈丽华, 刘旭, 林丹华. (2018). 儿童版特里尔社会应激测试对儿童唾液皮质醇, 唾液 α-淀粉酶和情绪的影响. 心理科学, 41(5), 1240-1246.
温忠麟, 叶宝娟. (2014). 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 22(5), 731-745.
肖水源. (1999). 心理卫生评定量表手册. 中国心理卫生杂志, 12, 120-131.
许颖, 林丹华. (2015). 家庭压力与青少年抑郁, 孤独感及幸福感——家庭弹性的补偿与调节作用. 心理发展与教育, 31(5), 594-602.
周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-950.
[1] WANG Jingmin, GUO Mingyu, CHANG Shumin. The Association between Parental Rejection and Peer Rejection among Children: The Mediating Role of Problem Behaviors and the Moderating Role of Home Chaos [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(6): 845-853.
[2] WANG Yingjie, LI Yan, WU Fan. Effects of Family Function on Pre-schoolers' Problem Behaviors: The Sequential Mediating Effects of Attachment Avoidance and Social Anxiety [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(1): 76-83.
[3] ZHANG Xiuhui, WANG Meifang, LIU Li. Parental Harsh Discipline and Child Problem Behaviors: The Mediating Effect of Child Self-control [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2020, 36(6): 725-733.
[4] ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Demao, LIU Xia, BAI Rong, ZHANG Mingliang, XING Shufen. The Co-effect of Parental Negative Parenting Style and MAOA rs6323 Polymorphism on Externalizing Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2020, 36(6): 659-667.
[5] LIU Guangzeng, ZHANG Dajun, ZHU Zhengguang, LI Jiajia, CHEN Xu. The Effect of Family Socioeconomic Status on Adolescents' Problem Behaviors: The Chain Mediating Role of Parental Emotional Warmth and Belief in a Just World [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2020, 36(2): 240-248.
[6] GAO Wen, WANG Yuhong, Fang Zhen, LIU Mingyan. The Roles of Parent-child Triangulation and Psychological Resilience in the Relationship between Interparental Conflict and Adolescents' Problem Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2019, 35(6): 729-739.
[7] YAO Lining, GAO Jinfan, HE Lijing, GAO Xin, CUI Huixin, XING Shufen. Sleep Time Parameters and Preschoolers' Problem Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Negative Emotionality [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2019, 35(6): 710-718.
[8] SU Zhiqiang, WANG Gang, LIU Chuanxing, ZHANG Dajun. The Development Trend of Depression and Its Concurrency with Problem Behaviors during Middle and Late Childhood: A Two-year Longitudinal Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2018, 34(2): 200-209.
[9] NIE Ruihong, ZHOU Nan, ZHANG Yuchi, FANG Xiaoyi. Associations among Interpersonal Relationships and High Students' Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Gender Differences [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2017, 33(6): 708-718.
[10] HOU ke, ZHANG Yunyun, LUO Fang, Ren Ping. Effects of Neighborhood, Parental Monitoring and Deviant Peers on Adolescent Problem Behaviors [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2017, 33(1): 85-94.
[11] XU Ying, LIN Danhua. Family Stress and Adolescents' Depression, Loneliness and Happiness: The Compensatory and Moderating Roles of Family Resilience [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2015, 31(5): 594-602.
[12] LI Yan-fang, XU Liang-yuan, LV Ying, LIU Li-jun, WANG Yun. The Associations between Mother-child Relationship, Teacher-child Relationship and Social Adaptive Behaviors for Preschool Migrant Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2014, 30(6): 624-634.
[13] LI Xiao-wei, ZOU Hong, JIN Can-can, KE Rui. The Relations among Problem Behaviors,Personalities and Family Functioning of Migrant Children [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2008, 24(2): 54-59.
[14] . Children’s strategies of emotion regulation and their problem behaviors at 2 years old [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2001, 17(3): 1-4,21.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!