词素位置概率对青年人和老年人阅读的影响：眼动研究

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2026.05.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究采用两项眼动追踪实验，考察词素位置概率对青年人与老年人句子阅读的影响。词素位置概率是指特定汉字在双字词中出现在词首或词尾位置的可能性，反映了汉语词汇构成中的内隐统计规律。结果发现，年龄组的主效应显著，与青年人相比，老年人对目标词的注视时间更长；词首词素位置概率的主效应显著，词尾词素位置概率效应不显著。更重要的发现是，年龄组与词首词素位置概率的交互作用在凝视时间和总注视时间上显著，老年人在不同词首词素位置概率条件下注视时间的差异大于青年人。结果表明，词素位置概率是中文词汇识别与切分的有效语言学线索，词首词素位置概率的作用更为积极，且老年人对词素的位置信息特征变化更为敏感。

关键词: 词素位置概率, 词切分, 认知老化, 眼动研究

Abstract: Two eye-tracking experiments examined the role of character positional probability in Chinese sentence reading among younger and older adults. Character positional probability refers to the likelihood that a specific Chinese character appears in the initial or final position of a two-character word, reflecting an implicit statistical regularity in Chinese reading. Results revealed a significant main effect of age group, with older adults demonstrating longer fixation durations on target words. There was also a main effect for initial character positional probability, but not for final character positional probability. Critically, significant interactions between age group and initial character probability were found in both gaze duration and total reading time. Specifically, older adults showed greater variation in fixation durations across probability conditions compared to younger adults. These findings indicate that character positional probability serves as a reliable linguistic cue for lexical identification and segmentation in Chinese, and that older adults exhibit heightened sensitivity to positional variations in characters.

Key words: character positional probability, word segmentation, aging, eye movements

中图分类号:

G442

曹海波, 赵小军, 兰泽波, 王敬欣. 词素位置概率对青年人和老年人阅读的影响：眼动研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(5): 689-698.

CAO Haibo, ZHAO Xiaojun, LAN Zebo, WANG Jingxin. Effects of Character Positional Probability in Young and Older Adults during Chinese Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(5): 689-698.

参考文献

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2023). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using ‘Eigen’ and S4. Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/index.html
Cai, Q., & Brysbaert, M. (2010). SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e10729.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010729
Cheimariou, S., Farmer, T. A., & Gordon, J. K. (2021). The effects of age and verbal ability on word predictability in reading.Psychology and Aging, 36(4), 531-542.
Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., & Engbert, R. (2004). Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1-2), 262-284.
Li, X., & Pollatsek, A. (2020). Anintegrated model of word processing and eye-movement control during Chinese reading. Psychological Review, 127(6), 1139-1162.
Liang, F. F., Blythe, H. I., Zang, C. L., Bai, X. J., Yan, G. L., & Liversedge, S. P. (2015). Positional character frequency and word spacing facilitate the acquisition of novel words during Chinese children's reading. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(5), 594-608.
Liang, F. F., Gao, Q., Li, X., Wang, Y., Bai, X., & Liversedge, S. P. (2023). The importance of the positional probability of word final (but not word initial) characters for word segmentation and identification in children and adults’ natural Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 49(1), 98-115.
Lien, M., Gemperle, A., & Ruthruff, E. (2011). Aging and involuntary attention capture: Electrophysiological evidence for preserved attentional control with advanced age.Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 188-202.
Ma, G., & Li, X. (2015). How character complexity modulates eye movement control in Chinese reading. Reading and Writing, 28 (6), 747-761.
McGowan, V. A., White, S. J., Jordan, T. R., & Paterson, K. B. (2014). Aging and the use of interword spaces during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 21(3), 740-747.
Park, D. C., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding.Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 173-196.
Paterson, K. B., McGowan, V. A., & Jordan, T. R. (2013). Aging and the control of binocular fixation during reading.Psychology & Aging, 28(3), 789-795.
Perea, M., & Lupker, S. J. (2003). Does judge activate court? Transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming. Memory & Cognition, 31(6), 829-841.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual research. The Quarter Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457-1506.
Rayner, K., Castelhano, M. S., & Yang, J. (2009). Eye movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 755-760.
Rayner, K., Reichle, E. D., Stroud, M. J., Williams, C. C., & Pollatsek, A. (2006). The effect of word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty on the eye movements of young and older readers.Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 448-465.
R Development Core Team. (2016).R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition.Psychological Review, 103(3), 403-428.
Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(4), 745-765.
Tsang, Y.-K., & Zou, Y. (2022). An ERP megastudy of Chinese word recognition. Psychophysiology, 59(11), e14111.https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.141111
Wang, J., Li, L., Li, S., Xie, F., Chang, M., Paterson, K.B., … McGowan, V.A. (2018). Adult age differences in eye movements during reading: The evidence from Chinese. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 73(4), 584-593.
Wang, J. X., Tian, J., Han, W., Liversedge, S. P., & Paterson, K. B. (2014). Inhibition strokeneighbor priming in character recognition and reading in Chinese. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(11), 2149-2171.
Warrington, K. L., McGowan, V. A., Paterson, K. B., & White, S. J. (2018). Effects of aging, word frequency, and text stimulus quality on reading across the adult lifespan: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(11), 1714-1729.
Westfall, J. (2016). PANGEA: Power ANalysis for General Anova designs. Retrieved from http://jakewestfall.org/pangea/
Wingfield, A., & Duchame, J. L. (1999). Effects of age and passage difficulty on lister-ring-rate preference for time-altered speech.Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54B(3), 199-202.
Yen, M. -H., Radach, R., Tzeng, O. J. -L., & Tsai, J. -L. (2012). Usage of statistical cues for word boundary in reading Chinese sentences. Reading and Writing, 25(5), 1007-1029.
白学军, 闫国利. (2017). 阅读心理学. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社.
曹海波, 兰泽波, 高峰, 王敬欣. (2025). 语义分类任务中词素位置概率在中文词汇识别中的作用. 心理发展与教育, 41(1), 60-67.
曹海波, 兰泽波, 高峰, 于海涛, 李鹏, 王敬欣. (2023). 词素位置概率在中文阅读中的作用: 词汇判断和眼动研究. 心理学报, 55(2), 159-176.
陈汝淇, 包亚倩, 黄林洁琼, 李兴珊. (2023). 中文阅读中词语加工与眼动控制整合模型简介. 心理与行为研究, 21(6), 725-735.
李馨, 龙梦灵, 梁菲菲, 王永胜. (2024). 词素位置概率信息在汉语阅读中的作用：基于维语大学生的眼动证据. 心理与行为研究, 22(5), 585-593.
连坤予, 马杰, 魏玲, 张书帏, 白学军. (2021). 汉语朗读中词素位置概率线索作用的发展研究.心理与行为研究, 19(2), 179-185.
梁菲菲, 冯琳琳, 刘瑛, 李馨, 白学军. (2024). 阅读伴随词汇学习的词切分：首、尾词素位置概率的不同作用. 心理学报, 56(3), 281-294.
刘志方, 仝文, 张骏. (2019). 中文阅读中词汇加工的年老化: 眼动证据. 心理发展与教育, 35(6), 665-677.
刘志方, 仝文, 张智君, 王永胜. (2021). 中文阅读中切词过程的年老化: 眼动证据. 心理学探新, 41(1), 34-40.
申继亮, 王大华, 彭华茂, 唐丹. (2003). 基本心理能力老化的中介变量. 心理学报, 35(6), 802-809.
宋坤莹, 冯琳琳, 王峥, 白学军, 梁菲菲. (2024). 词频和语境多样性在中文词汇识别中的相对重要性：基于ERP的实验证据. 心理与行为研究, 22(4), 433-441.
王春茂, 彭聃龄. (2000). 重复启动作业中词的语义透明度的作用. 心理学报, 32(2), 127-132.
王敬欣, 徐倩倩, 郝立莎, 张雪. (2020). 汉字间空格大小对青年人和老年人阅读的影响：眼动研究. 心理科学, 43(1), 68-74.
王敬欣, 赵赛男, 徐倩倩. (2023). 字间空格与词频对青年人和老年人阅读的影响：眼动研究. 心理发展与教育, 39(6), 781-787.
徐迩嘉, 隋雪. (2018). 身份信息与位置信息的加工进程及语境预测性的影响.心理学报, 50(6), 606-621.
闫国利, 熊建萍, 臧传丽, 余莉莉, 崔磊, 白学军. (2013). 阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述. 心理科学进展, 21(4), 589-605.

多维度评价

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

[1]	曹海波, 兰泽波, 高峰, 王敬欣. 语义分类任务中词素位置概率在中文词汇识别中的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(1): 60-67.
[2]	徐宁宁, 张敏慧, 吴翰林, 张清芳. 工作记忆负荷对词汇理解和产生认知老化的不同影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2024, 40(4): 457-467.
[3]	王敬欣, 赵赛男, 徐倩倩. 字间空格与词频对青年人和老年人阅读的影响:眼动研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2023, 39(6): 781-787.
[4]	孙赛男, 何文广. 语音加工的发展、老化及其神经机制[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(6): 894-901.
[5]	吴瑕, 钟希苹, 姜云鹏. 不同搜索情境下老化对自上而下注意加工的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2022, 38(1): 26-34.
[6]	宋晓蕾, 李小芳, 赵媛, 何丹. 不同任务难度条件下认知老化对冲突适应能力的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2017, 33(5): 569-576.
[7]	濮冰燕, 彭华茂. 认知老化对于老年人决策过程的影响:动机的调节作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2016, 32(1): 114-120.
[8]	白学军, 郭志英, 王永胜, 高晓雷, 闫国利. 老年人与青年人阅读空格文本的注视位置效应[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2015, 31(2): 171-179.
[9]	高悦, 彭华茂, 文静, 王大华. 教育水平在认知老化中的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2011, 27(6): 591-598.