价值指导时机对价值导向记忆的影响：一项基于8~22岁样本的发展性研究

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2026.05.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 价值指导(value instruction)时机指的是在记忆加工的不同阶段向被试呈现项目的价值信息。研究以1401名8~22岁被试为样本，考察了四种不同的价值指导时机（编码前、编码前后、编码后、无指导）对价值导向记忆的影响及其发展特征。结果发现：(1)在编码前和编码前后指导条件下，儿童(8~12岁)、青少年(13~17岁)和成人(18~22岁)均表现出显著的价值选择性效应，主要体现在对高价值词语的优先回忆。在编码前指导条件下，成人的选择性水平显著高于儿童和青少年；在编码前后指导条件下，年龄间的差异不显著，且该条件并未比编码前单独指导产生更强的价值选择性效应；(2)在编码后指导条件下，仅青少年和成年人出现价值选择性效应，但表现为低价值项目优先回忆模式；(3)在无指导条件下，整体未表现出显著的价值选择性效应，但在回忆顺序上，儿童仍倾向于高价值项目优先，成年人则转向低价值项目趋势，青少年处于两者之间的过渡状态。以上结果说明，价值指导时机是影响价值导向记忆的重要因素，其中编码阶段的价值整合对高价值信息的优先记忆至关重要。随着年龄增长，个体在编码阶段整合价值信息的能力逐渐成熟，价值导向记忆的选择性优势也变得更加稳固，反映了这一能力随着认知发展和经验积累的优化过程。

关键词: 价值指导时机, 价值导向记忆, 元认知, 儿童和青少年

Abstract: The timing of value instruction refers to the presentation of value-related information to participants at different stages of memory processing. The study, conducted with a sample of 1401 participants aged 8~22, examined the effects of four different value instruction timings (pre-encoding, pre- and post-encoding, post-encoding, and no instruction) on value-directed remembering and its developmental characteristics. The results showed that: (1) Under the pre-encoding and pre- and post-encoding conditions, children (8~12 years), adolescents (13~17 years), and adults (18~22 years) all exhibited significant value selectivity, primarily manifested in the prioritization of high-value words. In the pre-encoding condition, adults showed significantly higher selectivity levels than children and adolescents, whereas no significant age differences were found under the pre- and post-encoding condition, which did not produce a stronger value selectivity than pre-encoding instruction alone; (2) Under the post-encoding condition, Significant value selectivity emerged only among adolescents and adults, but was Characterized by preferential recall of low-value items; (3) Under the no instruction condition, no overall significant value selectivity were observed. However, in terms of recall sequence, children still tended to prioritize high-value items, while adults shifted towards prioritizing low-value items, with adolescents in a transitional state between the two.These results suggest that value instruction timing is a critical factor influencing value-directed remembering, with the integration of value information during the encoding phase being particularly essential for preferential memory of high-value items. As individuals age, their ability to integrate value information during encoding matures, and the selectivity advantage in value-directed remembering becomes more stable, reflecting a dynamic process of optimization driven by cognitive development and accumulated experience.

Key words: value instruction timing, value-directed remembering, metacognition, children and adolescents

中图分类号:

B844

李琼, 唐卫海, 王莹, 张亚辉, 储月, 刘希平. 价值指导时机对价值导向记忆的影响：一项基于8~22岁样本的发展性研究[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2026, 42(5): 640-650.

LI Qiong, TANG Weihai, WANG Ying, ZHANG Yahui, CHU Yue, LIU Xiping. The Impact of Value Instruction Timing on Value-directed Remembering: A Developmental Study across Ages 8~22[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2026, 42(5): 640-650.

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