Table of Content

15 September 2015, Volume 31 Issue 5

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The Impact of Individual and Material Variables on Creative Problem Finding Ability

LIU Chunhui, LIN Chongde

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  513-521.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.01

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This study investigates 139 college students in order to explore the impact of individual and material variables on creative problem finding ability by using a 2 (information literacy: high, low)×2 (critical thinking disposition: high, low)×2 (the amount of information: large, little)×2 (critical situation: with, without)mixed factorial design. Creative problem finding ability was be evaluated from four aspects of fluency, flexibility, uniqueness and profundity.The results are as following: (1)Critical thinking disposition played a moderating effect between information literacy and critical problem finding ability. (2)From the material variables, the ability of creative problem finding was higher when the larger amount of information was presented in a critical situation. (3)Individual variables and material variables had an interaction effect in the dimension of flexibility and uniqueness. The students who had higher information literacy or critical thinking disposition obtained a higher score in flexibility in a critical situation, and the other students had a higher level of flexibility without a critical situation; the students who had higher information literacy or critical thinking disposition obtained a higher level of uniqueness in a critical situation, however, the critical situation did not have the effect on the other students.

The Impacts of Parental Educational Values On Children's Personality: A Moderated Mediation Model

SUN Yan, MA Yanan, YANG Lizhu

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  522-530.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.02

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There are 553 children whose age is 3~6 years old examined using questionnaires on parental educational values, parenting style, temperament and personality which were completed by children's parents and teachers. This study establishes a moderated mediator model to reveal the personality's influence mechanism of early childhood.The results indicated that: (1) Relationship of parental educational values had positive prediction on intelligent feature of children personality. Good behavior of parental educational values had positive prediction on emotional stability of children personality. (2) The inconsistency of parenting style played mediated role between relationships of parental educational values and intelligent feature of children personality. Overindulgence of parenting style played mediated role between good behavior of parental educational values and emotional stability of children personality. (3) Emotionality and reaction of temperament moderated respectively the mediating effect on inconsistency and overindulgence of parenting style.

The Two Transformations of An Individual's Object Categorization Tendency with A Lifespan View: The Role of the Living Character and Manipulability of the Materials

LIAO Zongqing, ZHANG Jiayu, SU Yanjie

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  531-538.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.03

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The current study focused on the developmental trajectory of the object categorization tendency of an individual, and the influence of the categorical content. We recruited subjects from kinder-garden, primary school, middle school, college and middle-aged and elderly groups, each of which has 30 individuals respectively. We recorded their categorization tendency when facing different materials (living/non-living, high/low manipulability). Results showed that (1)there were two transformations of the object categorization tendency during the development. Thematic categorization tendency decreased after children starting school. It reached the lowest point at grade 2. (2)Children would gradually regain their preference towards the thematic categorization after entering secondary school. When the middle school students and undergraduates faced the object categorization task containing animated or highly operable materials, they preferred to use thematic categorization strategy. The results indicate that the contents of the materials play a different role in the development of categorization tendency during one's whole life. These results would help us understand the formation and development of an individual's concept organization.

Resistance to Persuasion: The Effects of Ego-depletion on Attitude Change of College Students

QI Xiaodong, ZHANG Dajun

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  539-546.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.04

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A sample of 87 participants was selected in the present study,and used a 2 (depleted task or non-depleted task) × 2 (strong argument or weak argument) design to explore how ego-depletion effect on attitude change,and explore further the role of cognitive response between ego depletion and attitude change. Participants completed an initial task designed to deplete or not deplete their regulatory resources, then participants read a message supporting a counterattitudinal policy(strong or weak), at last, participants reported their attitude and cognitive responses. Results indicated:(1) ego depletion affected participants' attitude significantly, after ego-depletion,participants more acquiescent. (2) the effect of 2 × 2 interaction was significant, the participants who were non-depleted were able to differentiate between the strong and weak persuasive information; however participants who were depleted showed no distinction in their attitudes. At the same time, the participants who read strong persuasive information showed no distinction in their attitudes whether depleted or not, but the participants who read weak persuasive information showed different significant, the attitude change of students who were depleted was more dramatically. (3) the research showed that depletion didn't impaired the number of cognitions listed by participants' about the policy, while significantly affected thought favorability, depleted participants generated more favorable cognitive responses, mediate analysis showed depletion influenced attitude through thought favorability.

Goal Orientation, Self-efficacy, and Self-control among 3~6 Years Old Children

HUANG Wei, YANG Ze

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  547-554.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.05

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Self-control is an important element of the self-awareness, and is an important precondition for children's independent development. Based on a sample of 241 3~6 years old children,the research explores the relationship among children's goal orientation, self-control and self-efficacy. The result shows that: (1)The task goal orientation of 3~6 years old children is obvious,the level of girls' goal orientation for others is obviously higher than boys', and significant age differences in goal orientation exist. The self-efficacy of 3~6 years old children is at the medium level, and their self-control is above the medium level. The level of girls' self-consciousness and self-control are higher than boys' obviously. The children's delay of gratification develops rapidly at the age of four. (2)Self-improvement goal orientation significantly and positively predicts self-control. (3)Self-efficacy partially mediates the prediction between self-improvement goal orientation and self-control.

The Characteristics of Children's Early School Adjustment and Relationship with Parenting Styles

LU Furong, WANG Xia, LI Dufang, WANG Yun

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  555-562.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.06

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The present longitudinal study examined the developmental characteristics of children's school adjustment and the effect of parenting style on children's school adjustment. One hundred and seventy-eight children and their parents, recruited from Beijing city in China，participated in the four-wave survey. Hierarchical Linear Modeling analyses revealed: (1)The three aspects of peer relationship, school attitude and academic behavior showed good in the first semester in elementary school. However, peer relationships and academic behaviors got better as times went by, but not in school attitude. (2) In the first semester in elementary school, Father's education was a positive prediction to peer relationships and academic behaviors. Family income was a negative prediction to school attitude. Authoritative parenting styles were positive predictions to academic behaviors, however, authoritarian parenting styles were negative predictions to peer relationship and academic behaviors. (3) Mother's education positively predicted the developmental trends of peer relationships. Authoritative parenting was positively associated with developmental trends of peer relationships and school attitude.

The Impact of Self-presentation in Online Social Network Sites on Life Satisfaction: The Effect of Positive Affect and Social Support

NIU Gengfeng, BAO Na, ZHOU Zongkui, FAN Cuiying, KONG Fanchang, SUN Xiaojun

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  563-570.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.07

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In order to investigate the impact of self-presentation in SNS (Social Network Site)on life satisfaction as well as the mediation of positive affect and social support, a sample of 645 undergraduate students completed Questionnaire of Self-presentation in SNS, Positive Affect Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results revealed that: (1)Both positive and honest self-presentation in SNS were positively correlated with positive affect, social support and life satisfaction; (2)Both honest and positive self-presentation could predict life satisfaction directly; and honest self-presentation also had an indirect effect on life satisfaction through the mediation of social support, while positive self-presentation could affect life satisfaction through the mediation of positive affect as well as the serial mediation of positive affect and social support.

Effect of Empathy on College Students' Altruistic Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model

LI Wenhui, LI Chan, SHEN Yue, DAN Fei

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  571-577.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.08

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Present study constructed a moderated mediation model in which neuroticism mediated the relationship between empathy and altruistic behavior, and this mediation effect was moderated by well.being. A sample of 273 college students was recruited in the present study to complete questionnaire measures of empathy, altruistic behavior, Neuroticism and Well.Being. The results indicated that: (1) Neuroticism played partial mediating effect between empathy and altruistic behavior. Empathy not only had a direct influence on altruistic behavior, but also affected altruistic behavior indirectly by neuroticism; (2) Well.being moderated the mediation path through altruistic behavior, such that this indirect effect was much stronger for college students with high well.being relative to those with low well.being. Therefore, both mediating and moderating effects exist in the association between empathy and altruistic behavior. These findings had important theoretical and reference value to increase altruistic behavior for college students.

The Influences of Hints 3~11 Years Old Children's Performance on Analogical Reasoning

FEI Guanghong, WANG Shujuan, QIN Meimei

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  578-585.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.09

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Randomly selected 360 children aged 3~11, this study used five kinds of materials including geometry, relational graphics, words, numbers and stores to investigate hints influence on children's analogical reasoning. The results showed that:(1) Hints influenced 3~4 years old children's performance on geometry analogical reasoning; Hints influenced 3~4 years old and 9~11 years old children's performance on word analogical reasoning; Hints influenced 3~11 years old children's performance on number analogical reasoning; Hints influenced 3 years old and 8~11 years old children's performance on relations graphics analogical reasoning; Hints influenced 3~4 years old and 8~11 years old children's performance on story analogical reasoning; (2) Hints made 3 years old children who couldn't use analogy reasoning learred to conduct some preliminary analogy reasoning.

Happiness or Meaning? The Orientations to Happiness of Teenagers and Its Effects on Their Learning Behaviors

SHI Xiafei, WANG Fang, ZUO Shijiang

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  586-593.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.10

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By investigating and statistically analyzing the data of 2828 teenagers', we studied the impacts of orientations to happiness on teenagers' learning behaviors. The results are as follows: 1) teenagers' eudaimonic orientations positively predict their mastery goal orientations, performance approach, grit in learning, learning strategy and investment, and negatively predict performance avoidance. 2) teenagers' hedonic orientations negatively predict their mastery goal orientation, grit in learning, learning strategy and investment, and positively predict performance approach and performance avoidance. 3)teenagers can be divided into four groups by two dimensions, eudaimonia and hedonia. Teenagers in high-high group and high-eudaimonia group show better learning behaviors than other two groups. Teenagers in low-low group show the least positive learning behaviors. In summary, hedonia and eudaimonia have a great effect on teenagers' learning behaviors, and eudaimonia could better promote teenagers' positive and healthy development.

Family Stress and Adolescents' Depression, Loneliness and Happiness: The Compensatory and Moderating Roles of Family Resilience

XU Ying, LIN Danhua

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  594-602.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.11

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A sample of 599 adolescents was recruited to explore the characteristics of family resilience and its compensatory and moderating roles among ordinary family stress and adolescents' depression, loneliness and happiness. Results showed: (1)Overall, the level of family resilience reported by the sample was high. (2) Family stress had a strong effect on adolescents'depression, loneliness and happiness. (3) Family resilience could directly predict adolscents'depression, loneliness and happiness, which playing compensatory roles. Meanwhile, family resilience played a protective moderating role on the relationship of family stress and loneliness and happiness. The implications of the results in designing effective prevention intervention program for preventing adolescents' mental health problems and facilitating adolescents' positive development were also addressed in the present study.

Subjective Well-being and Internet Addiction of Adolescents: Mediating Roles of Self-esteem and Self-control

MEI Songli, CHAI Jingxin, GUO Jinhua

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  603-609.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.12

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Internet addiction may negatively impact adolescents. A considerable amount of research has also proved that the individuals' level of subjective well-being is significantly correlated with internet addiction, self-esteem, and self-control. Individuals with low self-esteem were more likely to be internet addiction. Low self-esteem was correlated with low self-control. Thus, low self-control may lead to internet addiction. Participants were selected from several junior and senior high schools. The data were collected by using the subjective well-being scale, the Young internet addiction scale, the self-control scale, and the self-esteem scale. A total of 1551 qualified questionnaires were received (response rate=86.17%). Statistical methods included correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were used to analyses the relationship between the variables. The results showed that self-esteem and self-control played important mediating roles in the relationship between adolescent subjective well-being and internet addiction. Their combination mediating effects were more strength than partial effects.

How Social Support Influences Hope in College Students: The Mediating Roles of Self-esteem and Self-efficacy

LI Zhihua, YIN Xiayun

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  610-617.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.13

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To explore the relationship between the social support and hope of college students, as well as the multiple mediating effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy in the effect of social support. 756 college students were tested with Snyder's Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Self-Esteem Scale(SES) and General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES). The results indicated that: (1) Subjective social support was a significant predictor of college students' hope, while objective social support and utilization of social support were not significant; (2) Self-esteem and self-efficacy played was mediating roles in the relationship between subjective social support and hope of college students, and self-efficacy was a more significant mediating variable.

The Effect Mechanism of Sense of Cultural Alienation on Well-being among Minority College Students in Han District Colleges

YE Baojuan, ZHENG Qing, CAO Canxi, ZHANG Yunlong, LIU Dong, ZHAO Yuan

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  618-624.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.14

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The present study aimed to explore the mediated moderation among sense of cultural alienation, stressful life events, basic psychological needs and well-being among minority college students in Han district colleges. A sample of 921 minority college students in Han district colleges of 8 college (469 boys and 452 girls,Mage=20.09±0.90) was recruited in the study to complete sense of cultural alienation, stressful life events scale, basic psychological needs scale and well-being questionnaire.The results indicated that: (1) sense of cultural alienation was a risk factor of well-being among minority college students in Han district colleges; (2) stressful life events moderated the effect of sense of cultural alienation on well-being among minority college students in Han district colleges; (3) basic psychological needs mediated this moderation effect of stressful life events.

Deviant Peer Affiliation and Male Juvenile Offenders' Aggressive Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Moral Disengagement

GAO Ling, WANG Xingchao, YANG Jiping

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  625-632.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.15

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The present study examined the mediating processes in the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and aggressive behavior using a sample of 368 male juvenile offenders. As expected, results revealed that deviant peer affiliation was positively related to male juvenile offenders' moral disengagement (λ=0.29, p<0.001) and aggressive behavior (λ=0.32, p<0.001), and moral disengagement was also positively related to male juvenile offenders' aggressive behavior (λ=0.45, p<0.001). Consistent with predictions, we found that deviant peer affiliation had a significant positive influence on male juvenile offenders' aggressive behavior (λ=0.34, p<0.001), and that moral disengagement partially mediated the positive influence of deviant peer affiliation on aggressive behavior.

The Impact of the Action Control on the Relationship between Job Stress and Job Burnout in Rural Teachers: A Perspective from the Theory of Personality Systems Interactions

QIN Hongfang, LIU Xiaoming

Psychological Development and Education. 2015, 31(5):  633-640.  doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.16

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Although amounts of theories have been raised to explain the mechanism of job burnout, they all elaborated it from the view of mental contents. Fewer researches illustrated it from a holistic perspective, but the theory of personality systems interactions combined all the mental contents as a whole. Based on an investigation of 322 rural teachers in elementary and secondary schools, this study firstly investigated the risk factors for teachers' job burnout, such as demographic variables, perception of external stress variables and personality variables by adopting logistic regression methods, and then explored the reciprocal relationships among job stress, job burnout, action control, and action control strategies with the theory of personality system interaction by using SEM. The results are as follows: logistic regression analysis showed that 12 factors were closely related to teachers' job burnout, such as technical secondary education, senior teachers, higher job stress, lower action control strategies as well as state-orientation. Moreover, compared with state-oriented teachers, action-oriented teachers suffered less job stress and job burnout, and they were more inclined to use action control strategies actively. In addition, action control and action control strategies had strong impacts on job stress and job burnout directly. And they also had intermediated effects between job stress and job burnout. The total effect was 72%. In conclusion, it could be demonstrated that if the medicates are effective, action control and control strategies are beneficial for diminishing elementary and secondary school teachers' job burnout caused by job stress. Compared with traditional single skill training, planning and constructing a special targeted training with PSI could eliminate teachers' exhausted symptom well.