Table of Content

15 November 2012, Volume 28 Issue 6

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Endogenous and Exogenous Attention Affected Primary and Middle School Students’ SNARC Effect

PAN Yun, BAI Xue-jun, SHEN De-li, ZHAO Shou-ying

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  561-568. 

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In present study,endogenous and exogenous experimental paradigms were used to investigate primary and middle school students'SNARC effect of number processing in attended or unattended conditions.The stimuli were numbers(1～9)in Arabic.Subjects'task was to decide whether the presented number was odd or even.The results showed that:(1)in the endogenous and exogenous cues,the development of the SNARC effect increased with age from primary school to senior high school under the task of number processing.(2)in attended conditions of endogenous and exogenous cues,there were significant SNARC effects from primary school to senior high school students.(3)in unattended condition of endogenous cue,there were significant SNARC effects in middle school students,but not in primary school students;in unattended condition of exogenous cue,there was significant SNARC effect in senior high school students,but not in primary and junior high school students.Moreover,the influence of unattended condition on SNARC effect was mainly found in the large numbers(8,9).

Effects of Unconscious Processing on Creativity Problems Solving

CHEN Qun-lin, LUO Jun-long, JIANG Jun, WEI Dong-tao, ZHANG Qing-lin

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  569-575. 

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To explore the effects of unconscious processing on creativity problems solving,we selected remote associates test(RAT)and logogriph of Chinese characters as the materials and adopted the revised masked prime paradigm in the study.The results showed that:1)the accuracy rate was not significant between priming and no-priming groups in both materials.2)As high difficult problems,the accuracy rate was significantly higher for priming group than no-priming group in both materials.But for the low difficult problems,the accuracy rate of RAT for the priming groups was significantly lower than no-priming group,though it was not significant in the logogriph of Chinese characters.3)For the creativity problems,with the reduction of the difficulty,the facilitation effect of priming process will gradually weaken,and there will be inhibition for the low difficulty problems.These results showed that a clear dissociable contribution of unconscious priming on creativity problems solving,and this facilitation effect will appear only if the high difficult creativity problems are solved.

The Conflict Adaptation Effect in 6～12 Years Old Children:Evidence from Flanker Task

LI Yong-xin, ZHU Xiang-ru, LI Li

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  576-580. 

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The main aim of the present study was to explore whether the conflict adaptation effect existed in the 6～12 years old children.In the present study,we used the classic flanker task to explore whether the conflict adaptation effect exists in a sample of 181 children(6～12 years old).For the conflict effect,the present results revealed that the conflict effect was manifested in each age group and have no difference between different groups. For the conflict adaptation effect,the present results indicated that the conflict adaptation effect was also manifested in each age group and has no difference among different groups.Specially,for the RT data,the RT for the incongruent trial was faster when following an incongruent trial than following a congruent trial.The present results indicated the conflict adaptation effect was a stable conflict-induced behavioral adjustment process in the 6～12 years old children and has no significant age difference.

The Effect of Dimensionalities of the Task Stimulus on Task Switching in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

DING Ying, YANG Shuang

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  581-587. 

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of dimensionalities of the task stimulus on task switching in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).In the present study,two experiments were conducted.Results showed that both in the two experiments,compared to normal children,children with ADHD had slower response times and less accurate responses.In the first condition,which the dimensionality of the task stimulus is the same,children with ADHD showed more switching cost at the fixed sequence than at the random sequence.But in the second condition,which the dimensionalities of the task stimulus are different, children with ADHD showed more switching cost at the random sequence than at the fixed sequence.The results indicated that the different loads of the working memory may affect the task switching in children with ADHD,but it only occurred when the attention dimensionality of the task stimulus were the same.

Stability of Preschooler’s Peer Relationship

LIU Shao-ying, WANG Fang, ZHU Yao

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  588-594. 

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The stability of peer relationship was a fundamental question that was inherently appealing to developmental psychologists.In preschool years,group relations in peers began and peer relationship consolidated. The present longitudinal study examined the stability of preschooler's peer relationship.By studying the stability of peer relationship,we gained insight into questions regarding the degree to which the stability of continuous variables in peer relations,and especially whether the social preference development changed across early childhood. The author determined a sample of 71 preschool-aged children(40 boys,31 girls;M age=46.42 months), who came from three classes in different time points that the first class was from 2004 to 2006,the second class was from 2005 to 2007,and the third class was from 2006 to 2008.Children completed peer nomination for 3 successive years from grade 1 to grade 3. Results indicated that long-term stability of four continuous dimensions of peer relationship(peer acceptance, peer rejection,social preference,and social impact)was influenced by 2 factors:children's age and the length of the time interval.Four continuous dimensions of peer relationship had moderate stability(r=0.41～0.59) between grade 2 and grade 3.Social preference had moderate stability(r=0.31～0.59)from grade 1 to grade 3. Peer acceptance had moderate stability(r=0.37)between grade 1 and grade 2.Other dimensions had no significant correlations among three grades.Grade 2 was the transition of peer relationship in preschool years. Using a clustering technique,the study identified four groups of children with distinct longitudinal profiles of social preference development-a stable average group(64.79%),an unstable popular group(15.49%),an unstable unpopular group(12.68%),and an unstable group from average to popular(7.04%).The result indicated that 64.79% children'social preference kept stable for three years. In this experiment,the effect of gender on social preference was significant(F(1,70)=11.970,p<0.05), while the other two effects were not significant.So girls were more popular than boys consistently in three years. There was no significant gender and age difference on social impact. Conclusions:The current study provided evidence for moderate stability of peer status in preschool years,and girls were more popular than boys.The result suggested that grade 2 was the key time for the stability of peer relationship.

The Relationship of Temperament, Paternal Parenting, and Adolescents’ General Self-concept in Early Adolescence

JI Lin-qin, ZHANG Ying-chun, ZHANG Liang, ZHAO Shu-juan, ZHANG Wen-xin

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  595-602. 

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Using the general self-concept subscale of the Self-Perception Profile for Children,Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire,and the Parental Style and Dimension Questionnaire,416 students from 6 junior high school were investigated to reveal the relationship of temperament,paternal parenting,and adolescents'general self-concept.The results indicated that,effortful control positively and negative emotionality negatively predicted adolescents'general self-concept,and fathers'authoritative parenting positively predicted adolescents'general self-concept.No significant prediction was found from surgency,affiliativeness,fathers'authoritarian parenting to adolescents'general self-concept.These findings suggested an additive rather than interactive effect of temperament and parenting on adolescents'general self-concept.

The Effects of Middle School Students’ Personal Epistemology on Creative Thinking:Moderation of Self Questioning

YANG Xiao-yang, LI Xin-yao, ZHOU Hui

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  603-610. 

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To explore the relationships among middle school students'personal epistemology,creative thinking and self questioning,545 middle school students at grade 7,8,10 completed the Reflective Judgment Questionnaire,the Self Questioning Questionnaire,and the Creative Thinking Inventory.Results showed:(1)Middle school students'personal epistemology was significantly correlated to creative thinking,which meant that the higher personal epistemology level,the better of creative thinking score.(2)Self questioning was significantly correlated to creative thinking.(3)Source of knowledge could significantly predict originality in participants who had a low self questioning level,but this prediction could not be found in participants had a high level of self questioning.The influence of personal epistemology on creative thinking was regulated by self questioning.

Research on the Relationship of Working Satisfaction Degree and Teaching Motivation in Elementary and Secondary School Teachers

PENG Wen-bo, LIU Dian-zhi

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  611-617. 

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The research investigated the relationship of working satisfaction degree and teaching motivation of 1197 middle and primary school teachers with questionnaires.It was found three canonical correlation relationships lying in two set variables.The first canonical correlation relationship embodied the positive correlation of activity satisfaction and inner motivation,which restrained by environment satisfaction,promotion and advanced studies satisfaction,incoming satisfaction and management satisfaction.Activity satisfaction and incoming satisfaction adjusted the positive correlation of environment satisfaction and external motivation in the second canonical correlation relationship.As restrain variables,management satisfaction paid affection on the negative correlation of promotion and advanced studies satisfaction,environment satisfaction and external internalization motivation. Finally,it was explored regression effect between two working satisfaction degree and teaching motivation with Hierarchical regression analysis.

The Effects of Classroom Goal Orientations on Feelings of Academic Success

YANG Xiu-jun

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  618-624. 

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Under the guidance of achievement goal theories,the causal effects of different classroom goal orientations on students'feelings of academic success were assessed in a randomized experiment involving 170 students in Grade 8.With different goal orientations,we created different classroom goal contexts(mastery, performance-approach,combined mastery/performance-approach)in mathematics classrooms.Study revealed:It's manipulable and significant for us to create different classroom goal contexts.Significant differences favored tutored students.All the three experimental groups exhibited significantly higher posttest scores than pretest,as well as higher posttest scores than the control groups'.The experimental research proved that the three classroom goal conditions had significant effects on students'feelings of academic success.Overall,there was a greater support for the multiple goal perspective in comparison to the traditional perspective.

The Effect of Parenting on Social Adjustment of Adolescents:Personality as a Moderator

LIU Wen-jing, XU Zhi-xing, ZOU Hong

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  625-633. 

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To explore the influence of Parenting on Social Adjustment of adolescents,and the moderation effects of personality,Parenting Styles Questionnaires,Five-factor Personality Questionnaires and Adolescents'Social Adjustment Assessment Questionnaires were administered to the sample consisting of 2288 students from six cities in China,in order to identify personality as a moderator.The results showed that:(1)parenting behaviors could be divided into 4 different parenting styles,namely democratic style,authoritative style,authoritarian style and neglectful style,the proportions of which were 35.2%,16.9%,20.8%,and 27.1% respectively.Significant differences in social adjustment and personality existed among adolescents with different parenting styles.(2) Parenting and adolescents'social adjustment were significantly related,except the correlation between withdrawal of care and acting efficiency.(3)Personality served as a moderator in the relationship between support and company,autonomy,monitor and positive adjustment,and the relationship between guide,autonomy,monitor and negative adjustment.

Perceived Peers’ Internet Overuse Behavior, Attitude on Internet Overuse, Pressures of Internet Using and College Students’ Internet Addiction

ZHANG Jin-tao, CHEN Chao, LIU Feng-e, DENG Lin-yuan, FANG Xiao-yi

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  634-640. 

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Based on Bandura theory of social learning and related theories about effect of peer norms,a cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing to explore the relationship between Perceived Peers'Internet Overuse Behavior,attitude on Internet Overuse,pressures of Internet using and College students'Internet addiction.3049 college students from two universities in Beijing city were invited to fulfill the questionnaire about the peers' Internet overuse behaviors,attitude on Internet overuse,pressures when they using Internet and Internet addiction level.Structural equation model were used to explore the affect mechanism of peers'pressures on the relationship between peers'Internet overuse behavior and attitude and Internet addiction.The results showed that:(1) Compared to Internet non-addicts,Internet addicts among college students perceived more Internet overuse behaviors and higher pressure from peers,and more positive attitudes about Internet overuse.(2)College students perceived peers'Internet overuse behaviors and attitude on Internet overuse;pressures of Internet using were positively correlated to Internet addiction.(3)Peers'Internet overuse behaviors not only have a direct effect on college students'Internet addiction,but also have an indirect effect on Internet addiction through peers'pressure; meanwhile,Peers'attitude on Internet overuse can't predict college students'Internet addiction directly,but have an indirect effect on Internet addiction through peers'pressure.Conclusion:Peers'pressure play a partial mediation effect on the relationship between Peers'Internet overuse behaviors and college students'Internet addiction level.Meanwhile,peers'pressures play a full mediation effect on the relationship between Peers'attitude on Internet overuse and college students'Internet addiction level.

The Effect Mechanism of Parental Control, Deviant Peers and Sensation Seeking on Drug Use among Reform School Students

YE Bao-juan, YANG Qiang, HU Zhu-jing

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  641-650. 

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Based on social learning theory and ecological systems theory,this present study constructed a moderated mediation model in which affiliation with deviant peers mediated the relationship between parental psychological control,behavioral control and drug use among reform school students,and this mediation effect was moderated by sensation seeking.Participants were 514 reform school students,and they completed parental control questionnaire, affiliation with deviant peers questionnaire,sensation seeking scale,and drug use questionnaire.The results indicated that:(1)parental psychological control and behavioral control were associated with drug use;(2) affiliation with deviant peers mediated the effect of parental psychological control,behavioral control and drug use; (3)sensation seeking moderated this effect.

Online Game Addiction:Effects and Mechanisms of Flow Experience

WEI Hua, ZHOU Zong-kui, TIAN Yuan, BAO Na

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  651-657. 

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This study examined the effects of flow experience on online game addiction and its mechanism and antecedents.A total of 491 male undergraduate students took part in the current study.The results showed that(1) Flow experience was significantly and positively related to online game addiction,control and challenge;online game addiction was significantly and positively related to control and challenge.(2)Flow experience played a full mediating role in challenge's effect on online game addiction,indicating that an indirect effect of challenge on online game addiction;flow experience had a partial mediating effect between control and online game addiction, revealing direct and indirect effects of the control on online game addiction.

The Formation Mechanism of Altruistic Punishment and Its Neural Mechanism

DING Yi, JI Ting-ting, CHEN Xu

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  658-664. 

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Altruistic punishment is a behaviour in which individuals punish defectors at a cost to themselves.It plays an important role in the evolution of human cooperation.Cognition control and emotional gratification are used to illustrate the formation mechanism of altruistic punishment.In addition,altruistic punishment may be governed by multiple independent neural systems:a rule-based system based in DLPFC and an emotion-driven system including the mPFC,insula and striatum.Future researches on altruistic punishment should focus on the following aspects,such as deepening our understanding of its formation mechanisms and neural mechanisms,exploring the genetic bases of altruistic punishment and at last carrying out natural research.

Analysis of Cross-distribution for Estimating Variance Components in Generalizability Theory

LI Guang-ming, ZHANG Min-qiang

Psychological Development and Education. 2012, 28(6):  665-672. 

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Estimating variability is an essential part of generalizability theory and is of central importance.The study adopted Monte Carlo data simulation technique to explore the effect of three data distribution on four method of estimating variance components for generalizability theory.Three data distribution were normal data distribution, dichotomous data distribution and polytomous data distribution.Four estimated methods were traditional method, bootstrap method,jackknife method and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method(MCMC).The results show that the performance of four methods is different for three data distribution.Traditional method is good for normal distribution data and polychromous distribution data.But it is not good and needs to be adjusted for dichotomous distribution data.Jackknife method accurately estimates variance components for three data distribution.As for estimating variance components,adjusted bootstrap method is better than unadjusted bootstrap methods.Compared with MCMC method with non-informative priors,MCMC method with informative priors is good for estimating variance components in generalizability theory.Data distribution has an effect on the method of estimating variance components for generalizability theory.Those methods,which can be applied for normal data distribution,could not be applied for other distribution data such as dichotomous data distribution and polytomous data distribution.Data distribution imposes restrictions on estimating variance components for these four methods.So different methods need be distinguished to use to do a good analysis of cross-distribution for estimating variance components in generalizability theory.