Psychological Development and Education ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 192-199.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2023.02.05

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Parent-child Attachment Avoidance and Smartphone Dependency for Junior School Students in Rural Areas: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Family Financial Difficulty

CHU Xiaoyuan1,2, CHU Ziqiang3, WANG Qi4, JI Shutian1, LEI Li5   

  1. 1. School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876;
    2. Research Center of Development Strategy for the High-level Featured University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876;
    3. Guandi Junior Middle School of Mengcheng, Mengcheng 233511;
    4. School of Modern Post, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876;
    5. School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872
  • Published:2023-03-11

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parent-child attachment avoidance and smartphone dependency for junior school students in rural areas as well as to identify the roles that social anxiety and family financial difficulty played in this relationship. Based on the attachment theory, evolutionary model of trait social anxiety, the theory of compensatory Internet use, and the social cognitive theory of social class, the present study constructed a theoretical model. A sample of 285 junior school students (male=179) from rural area completed a battery of questionnaires measuring their smartphone addiction, parent-child attachment avoidance, social anxiety and family financial difficulty. The average age of participants was 15.80 (SD = 0.71, with 14 the youngest and 18 the oldest). The results indicated that: (1) Parent-child attachment avoidance was positively correlated with smartphone dependency for the students; (2) Social anxiety played a mediating role; (3) The second stage of the indirect effect of social anxiety was moderated by family financial difficulty, and the effect was stronger for the students in higher family financial difficulty. Results from this study provide practical implications to reduce smartphone dependency for junior school students.

Key words: smartphone dependency, parent-child attachment avoidance, social anxiety, family financial difficulty

CLC Number: 

  • B844
Adams, G. C., Wrath, A. J., Le, T.,&Alaverdashvili, M.(2019). A longitudinal exploration of the impact of social anxiety and individual attachment on depression severity.Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 250-256.
Bar-Kalifa, E., Hen-Weissberg, A.,&Rafaeli, E.(2015). Perceived partner responsiveness mediates the association between social anxiety and relationship satisfaction in committed couples.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(7), 587-610.
Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C.,&Liss, M.(2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L.,&Shaver, P. R.(1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment:An integrative overview. In Simpson, J. A.,&Rholes, W. S.(Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. New York:Guilford Press.
Bretherton, I.(1985). Attachment theory:Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 3-35.
Erwin, B. A., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M.,&Hantula, D. A.(2004). The Internet:Home to a severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(5), 629-646.
Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K.,&Simon, T. R.(2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78(3), 326-333.
Feldman, R. S.(2011). Development Across the Life Span(6th ed.). Pearson Education.
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., Gier-Lonsway, S. L.,&Kim, H. S.(2012). Short forms of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(3), 310-320.
Fraley, R. C.,&Brumbaugh, C. C.(2007). Adult attachment and preemptive defenses:Converging evidence on the role of defensive exclusion at the level of encoding. Journal of Personality, 75(5), 1033-1050.
Fraley, R. C., Fazzari, D. A., Bonanno, G. A.,&Dekel, S.(2006). Attachment and psychological adaptation in high exposure survivors of the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 538-551.
Grusec, J. E.(2011). Socialization processes in the family:Social and emotional development.Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 243-269.
Hancock, G. R.,&Mueller, R. O.(2010). The Reviewer's Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. Routledge.
Haushofer, J.,&Fehr, E.(2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862-867.
Hayes, A. F.(2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Karasewich, T. A.,&Kuhlmeier, V. A.(2020). Trait social anxiety as a conditional adaptation:A developmental and evolutionary framework.Developmental Review, 55, Article 100886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.100886
Kardefelt-Winther, D.(2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research:Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
Kim, E.,&Koh, E.(2018). Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students:The mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem.Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 264-271.
Konok, V., Gigler, D., Bereczky, B. M.,&Miklósi,Á.(2016). Humans' attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style.Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 537-547.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L.,&Keltner, D.(2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism:How the rich are different from the poor.Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H.,&Yang, S.(2013). The smartphone addiction scale:Development and validation of a short version for adolescents.PLoS One, 8(12), Article e83558.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Lee, D. Y.(2013). The role of attachment style in building social capital from a social networking site:The interplay of anxiety and avoidance.Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1499-1509.
Lei, L.,&Wu, Y.(2007).Adolescents' paternal attachment and Internet use. CyberPsychology&Behavior, 10(5), 633-639.
Li, M. L.,&Lu, L. Y.(2017). The influence of mobile phone addiction on left-behind middle school students' sleep quality:The mediator role of loneliness. Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica, 26(1), 71-81.
Liu, J., Huo, Y. Q., Chen, Y. Y.,&Song, P. P.(2018). Dispositional and experimentally primed attachment security reduced cyber aggression after cyber ostracism.Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 334-341.
Madigan, S., Brumariu, L. E., Villani, V., Atkinson, L.,&Lyons-Ruth, K.(2016). Representational and questionnaire measures of attachment:A meta-analysis of relations to child internalizing and externalizing problems.Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 367-399.
Mattick,R. P.,&Clarke, J. C.(1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.
Mobini, S., Mackintosh, B., Illingworth, J., Gega, L., Langdon, P.,&Hoppitt, L.(2014). Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(2), 272-279.
Mogg, K.,&Bradley, B. P.(2018). Anxiety and threat-related attention:Cognitive-motivational framework and treatment.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 225-240.
Pinyerd, B.,&Zipf, W. B.(2005). Puberty-timing is everything.Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 20(2), 75-82.
Sandler, I. N., Schoenfelder, E. N., Wolchik, S. A.,&MacKinnon, D. P.(2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting:Lasting effects but uncertain processes.Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299-329.
Seo, D. G., Park, Y., Kim, M. K.,&Park, J.(2016). Mobile phone dependency and its impacts on adolescents' social and academic behaviors.Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 282-292.
Shaffer, D. R.,&Kipp, K.(2013). Developmental psychology:Childhood and adolescence(9th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Shaver, P. R.,&Mikulincer, M.(2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics.Attachment&Human Development, 4(2), 133-161.
Trub, L.,&Barbot, B.(2016). The paradox of phone attachment:Development and validation of the young adult attachment to phone scale (YAPS).Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 663-672.
Valkenburg, P. M.,&Peter, J.(2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents:A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1-5.
Wadsworth, M. E.,&Compas, B. E.(2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain:The adolescent perspective.Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(2), 243-274.
Wang, P. C., Zhao, M., Wang, X. C., Xie, X. C., Wang, Y. H.,&Lei, L.(2017). Peer relationship and adolescent smartphone addiction:The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of the need to belong.Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 708-717.
Wei, M., Russell, D. W.,&Zakalik, R. A.(2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students:A longitudinal study.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 602-614.
Young, C. M. Y.,&Lo, B. C. Y.(2012). Cognitive appraisal mediating relationship between social anxiety and internet communication in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(1), 78-83.
陈武,李董平,鲍振宙,闫昱文,周宗奎.(2015).亲子依恋与青少年的问题性网络使用:一个有调节的中介模型. 心理学报, 47(5), 611-623.
楚啸原,理原,王兴超,王鹏程,雷雳.(2019a).家庭社会经济地位与青少年自我效能感的关系:家庭支持的中介作用与性别因素的调节作用. 心理科学, 42(4), 891-897.
楚啸原,理原,王兴超,王玉慧,雷雳.(2019b).家庭收入与高中生幸福感:社会支持与性别因素的作用. 心理发展与教育, 35(4), 478-485.
楚啸原,龙杰,雷雳.(2020).社交焦虑与网络游戏过度使用:自我补偿动机的中介作用和外倾性的调节作用. 心理科学, 43(4), 943-949.
邓衍鹤,陈云祥,岳艳春,乎唤,黄宇琛,刘翔平.(2017).儿童亲密关系经历量表简明修订版在我国初中生中的信、效度检验. 中国临床心理学杂志, 25(6), 1022-1026.
丁倩,魏华,张永欣,周宗奎.(2016).自我隐瞒对大学生网络成瘾的影响:社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 24(2), 293-297.
方杰,张敏强,邱皓政.(2012).中介效应的检验方法和效果量测量:回顾与展望. 心理发展与教育, 28(1), 105-111.
李昌镐.(2014).韩国青少年智能手机使用情况的调查. 中国青年研究,(2), 9-15.
李董平,许路,鲍振宙,陈武,苏小慧,张微.(2015).家庭经济压力与青少年抑郁:歧视知觉和亲子依恋的作用. 心理发展与教育, 31(3), 342-349.
李同归,加藤和生.(2006).成人依恋的测量:亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版. 心理学报, 38(3), 399-406.
林崇德,李庆安.(2005).青少年期身心发展特点. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),(1), 48-56.
刘庆奇,周宗奎,牛更枫,范翠英.(2017).手机成瘾与青少年睡眠质量:中介与调节作用分析. 心理学报, 49(12), 1524-1536.
刘亚楠,许燕,李佳慧,董娇.(2010).依恋类型与社交焦虑关系间的中介因素研究. 中国特殊教育,(4), 86-89.
刘勇.(2005).城乡儿童社交焦虑水平的比较. 中国心理卫生杂志, 19(9), 18.
骆永民,骆熙,汪卢俊.(2020).农村基础设施、工农业劳动生产率差距与非农就业. 管理世界, 36(12), 91-121.
穆怀中.(2020).城乡收入平衡性结构分析. 中国人口科学,(6), 2-15+126.
彭源,朱蕾,王振宏.(2018).父母情绪表达与青少年问题行为:亲子依恋、孤独感的多重中介效应. 心理发展与教育, 34(4), 504-512.
王建平,李董平,张卫.(2010).家庭经济困难与青少年社会适应的关系:应对效能的补偿、中介和调节效应. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),(4), 22-32.
王玉龙,王建平,付丹丹.(2008).中小学生网络用户网络成瘾流行病学调查. 中国心理卫生杂志, 9(22), 678-682.
温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.(2004).结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则. 心理学报, 36(2), 186-194.
谢其利,宛蓉,张睿,江光荣.(2016).歧视知觉与农村贫困大学生孤独感:核心自我评价、朋友支持的中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 32(5), 614-622.
张岩,周炎根,裴涛.(2015).大学生孤独感在人际适应性和手机互联网依赖关系中的中介效应. 中国心理卫生杂志, 29(10), 774-779.
中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC).(2020). 中国互联网络发展状况统计报告. 2020-06-25取自http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/202004/P020200428596599037028.pdf.
[1] QIN Yao, PENG Yunshi. The Effect of Parenting Styles on Social Anxiety in Junior High School Students: The Chain Mediated Role of Rumination and Peer Acceptance [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(1): 103-113.
[2] LU Cuiping, ZHENG Xifu. Low Self-esteem or High'Other-esteem’? Differential Nature of Implicit Self-esteem in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals: Evidence from EAST Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(6): 808-816.
[3] CHEN Bizhong, ZHENG Xue, SUN Xiaojun. The Relationship between Problematic Social Media Use and Online Social Anxiety: The Roles of Social Media Cognitive Overload and Dispositional Mindfulness [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(5): 743-751.
[4] JIANG Suo, DING Jinqi, LIU Yan, LU Yuanyuan, LI Xiaoqing, CHEN Jing. The Effect of Cyber-bullying/Cyber-victimization on Sleep Quality in Early Adolescence: A Serial Mediation Model of Social Anxiety and Depression Mood [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(1): 85-96.
[5] LI Song, CHEN Xu, RAN Guangming, ZHANG Qi. Passive Social Network Site Use and Social Anxiety: The Influence of Rumination and Self-construals [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(5): 720-728.
[6] ZHOU Aibao, HU Yanbing, LIU Jingtao, LU Xiaoyong, WANG Youli, ZHOU Yingxin. Relationship between Social Anxiety and Academic Engagement among Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Intentional Self-regulation and the Age Difference [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2022, 38(1): 54-63.
[7] XUE Lulu, JIANG Yuan, FANG Ping. Alexithymia and Interpersonal Relationships among Middle School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(1): 92-100.
[8] WANG Yingjie, LI Yan, WU Fan. Effects of Family Function on Pre-schoolers' Problem Behaviors: The Sequential Mediating Effects of Attachment Avoidance and Social Anxiety [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2021, 37(1): 76-83.
[9] WANG Qianqian, FAN Cuiying, CHU Xiaowei. The Relationship between Adolescent Cybervictimization and Cyberbullying: A Moderated Mediated Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2020, 36(2): 216-227.
[10] PENG Shun, WANG Xia, NIU Gengfeng, ZHANG Hongpo, HU Xiangen. Fear of Negative Evaluation On Social Anxiety: Base On Cognitive Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2019, 35(1): 121-128.
[11] DING Zien, WANG Xiaohan, LIU Qinxue. The Relationship between College Students' Self-esteem and Cyber Aggressive Behavior: the Role of Social Anxiety and Dual Self-consciousness [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2018, 34(2): 171-180.
[12] ZHONG Ping, DENG Huihua, ZHANG Guangzhen, LIANG Zongbao, LU Zuhong. Prospective Links between Adolescent Friendship Qualities and Social Anxiety: A Cross-Lagged Analysis [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2017, 33(6): 727-733.
[13] LIAO Yaqiong, YE Baojuan, JIN Ping, XU Qiang, LI Aimei. The Effect of Resilience on Mobile Phone Addiction among Minority Preparatory Students in Han District:Moderated Mediating Effect [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2017, 33(4): 487-495.
[14] WANG Ming-zhong, ZHOU Zong-kui, FAN Cui-ying, CHEN Wu. Interparental Conflict Affects Adolescents’ Social Anxiety：Serial Mediation Analysis [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2013, 29(2): 166-173.
[15] YUAN Xiao-jiao, FANG Xiao-yi, LIU Yang, LIN Xiu-yun. The Relationship Between Stress Coping, Depression And Social Anxiety Among Migrant Children: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2012, 28(3): 283-291.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright 2018 © Editorial office of Psychological Development and Education
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd