Psychological Development and Education ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (6): 793-803.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.06.05

Previous Articles     Next Articles

The Effect of Cumulative Family Early Risks on Internalizing Problem among Adolescents

XU Wenming1, FANG Yeyi1, YE Caixia2   

  1. 1. Psychological Counseling Center, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015;
    2. Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079
  • Published:2022-11-29

Abstract: A cumulative risk framework was used to compare the relative contribution of individual-dispositional paradigm and social-interactional paradigm and mediate the association between cumulative family early risks (CFER) and late internalizing problems among adolescents. A total of 751 adolescents completed self-report measures of Achenbach internalizing problem, self-efficacy, gratitude, personal growth initiative, perceived social support, and a series of questionnaires assessing family earlier risk factors. The results showed that: (1)The relationship between CFER and adolescents’ internalizing problem could be mediated through two parallel paths, which were individual-dispositional paradigm and social-interactional paradigm; (2)The indirect effect of social-interactional paradigm might be slightly stronger than individual-dispositional paradigm; (3) CFER had a direct and positive connection to adolescent’ internalizing problem. The two paradigms often did not compete against each other, but rather play parallel mediating roles in the relationship between FECR and adolescents’ internalizing problem. The results of the study help to reveal the mechanism of family early risks on adolescents’ internalizing problem.

Key words: adolescents, cumulative risks, internalizing problem, social support

CLC Number: 

  • B844
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85 (6), 1275-1301.
Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better:The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,46 (3), 235-245.
Bandura, A. (1977).Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84 (2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior:Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17 (4), 319-325.
Boehmer, S., Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2007). Coping and quality of life after tumor surgery: Personal and social resources promote different domains of quality of life. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 20 (1), 61-75.
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Thornton, A., Freedman, D., Amell, J. W., Harrington, H.,… Silva, P. A. (1996). The life history calendar: A research and clinical assessment method for collecting retrospective event-history data. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 6 (2), 101-114.
Cater, Å. K. (2007). Children’s meaning-conciliation of their fathers’ violence related to fathers and violence in general. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8 (1), 41-55.
Chopik, W. J., Newton, N. J., Ryan, L. H., Kashdan, T. B., & Jarden, A. J. (2019). Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14 (3), 292-302.
Chow, E. O., & Ho, H. C. (2012). The relationship between psychological resources, social resources, and depression:Results from older spousal caregivers in Hong Kong. Aging and Mental Health, 16 (8), 1016-1027.
Chua, T. H. H., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55 (2), 190-197.
Cole, D. A., Martin, N. C., Sterba, S. K., Sinclair-McBride, K., Roeder, K. M., Zelkowitz, R., & Bilsky, S. A. (2014). Peer victimization (and harsh parenting) as developmental correlates of cognitive reactivity, a diathesis for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123 (2), 336-349.
Coleman, S. R., Zawadzki, M. J., Heron, K. E., Vartanian, L. R., & Smyth, J. M. (2016). Self-focused and other-focused resiliency:Plausible mechanisms linking early family adversity to health problems in college women. Journal of American College Health, 64 (2), 85-95.
Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., Mcloyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38 (2), 179-193.
Conrad-Hiebner, A., & Byram, E. (2018). The temporal impact of economic insecurity on child maltreatment: A systematic review. Trauma Violence and Abuse, 22 (1), 157-178.
Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents' marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43 (6), 1544 -1552.
Danneel, S., Nelemans, S., Spithoven, A., Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., Colpin, H., … Goossens, L. (2019). Internalizing problems in adolescence:Linking loneliness, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms over time. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47 (10), 1691-1705.
Deater-Deckard, K., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Alampay, L. P., Sorbring, E., Bacchini, D., … Al-Hassan, S. M. (2011). The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups. Journal of Family Psychology, 25 (5), 790-794.
Doan, S. N., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Evans, G. W. (2012). Cumulative risk and adolescent’s internalizing and externalizing problems:The mediating roles of maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48 (6), 1529-1539.
Doom, J. R., Vanzomeren-Dohm, A. A., & Simpson, J. A. (2016). Early unpredictability predicts increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and substance use:A life history perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 28 (4), 1505-1516.
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018). Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1428 (1), 151-169.
Ellis, B. J., & Del Giudice, M. (2014). Beyond allostatic load: Rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development. Development and Psychopathology, 26 (1), 1-20.
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139 (6), 1342-1396.
Favini, A., Gerbino, M., Eisenberg, N., Lunetti, C., & Thartori, E. (2018). Personality profiles and adolescents’ maladjustment: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 119-125.
Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & Weissman, M. M. (1990). Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring. Developmental Psychology, 26 (1), 40-50.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14 (4), 245-258.
Forman, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2003). Family instability and young adolescent maladjustment: The mediating effects of parenting quality and adolescent appraisals of family security. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32 (1), 94-105.
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24 (4), 237-258.
Fumero, A., Marrero, R. J., Voltes, D., & Penate, W. (2018). Personal and social factors involved in internet addiction among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 387-400.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28 (5), 619-631.
Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., & Craney, J. L. (2001). Adult psychosocial outcome of prepubertal major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (6), 673-677.
Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment:The role of youth attributes. Child Development, 75 (6), 1832-1849.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Guerra, C., Farkas, C., & Moncada, L. (2018). Depression, anxiety and PTSD in sexually abused adolescents: Association with self-efficacy, coping and family support. Child Abuse and Neglect, 76 (11), 310-320.
Gulley, L. D., Oppenheimer, C. W., & Hankin, B. L. (2014). Associations among negative parenting, attention bias to anger, and social anxiety among youth. Developmental Psychology, 50 (2), 577-585.
Harding, K. A., Murphy, K. M., & Mezulis, A. (2019). Ruminating on the positive: Paths from trait positive emotionality to event-specific gratitude. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20 (1), 101-117.
Heerde, J. A., & Hemphill, S. A. (2018). Examination of associations between informal help-seeking behavior, social support, and adolescent psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 47, 44-62.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Kosterman, R., Mason, W. A., Hawkins, J. D., Mccarty, C. A., & Mccauley, E. (2010). Effects of childhood conduct problems and family adversity on health, health behaviors, and service use in early adulthood: Tests of developmental pathways involving adolescent risk taking and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 22 (3), 655-665.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2003). Social self-efficacy and behavior problems in maltreated and non-maltreated children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32 (1), 106-117.
Koo, H. J., & Kwon, J. H. (2014). Risk and protective factors of internet addiction: A meta-analysis of empirical studies in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55 (6), 1691-1711.
Langeveld, J. H., Gundersen, K. K., & Svartdal, F. (2012). Socialcompetence as a mediating factor in reduction of behavioral problems. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56 (4), 381-399.
Loucks, E. B., Almeida, N. D., Taylor, S. E., & Matthews, K. A. (2011). Childhood family psychosocial environment and coronary heart disease risk. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73 (7), 563-571.
Mason,W. A., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lengua, L. J., & McCauley, E. (2004). Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43 (3), 307-315.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (1), 112-127.
McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17 (4), 281-284.
Mcfarlane, A. H., Bellissimo, A., & Norman, G. R. (2010). The role of family and peers in social self-efficacy:Links to depression in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65 (3), 402-410.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100 (4), 674-701.
Papachristou, E., & Flouri, E. (2020). The co-development of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and cognitive ability across childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 32(4), 1375-1389.
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5), 879-903.
Puff, J., & Renk, K. (2014). Relationships among parents’ economic stress, parenting, and young children's behavior problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45 (6), 712-727.
Raja, S. N., Mcgee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21 (4), 471-485.
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families:Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (2), 330-366.
Reynolds, R. A., Raine, A., Mellingen, K., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2000). Three-factor model of schizotypal personality: Invariance across culture, gender, religious affiliation, family adversity, and psychopathology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26 (3), 603-618.
Robitschek, C. (1998). Personal growth initiative:The construct and its measure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30 (4), 183-198.
Robitschek, C., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2009). Keyes’s model of mental health with personal growth initiative as a parsimonious predictor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56 (2), 321-329.
Rocchino, G. H., Dever, B. V., Telesford, A., & Fletcher, K. (2017). Internalizing and externalizing in adolescence:The roles of academic self-efficacy and gender. Psychology in the Schools, 54, 905-917.
Savolainen, J., Eisman, A., Mason, W. A., Schwartz, J. A., Miettunen, J., & Järvelin, M. R. (2018). Socioeconomic disadvantage and psychological deficits: Pathways from early cumulative risk to late-adolescent criminal conviction. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 16-24.
Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In B. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 149-170). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Schetter, C. D., & Dolbier, C. (2011). Resilience in the context of chronic stress and health in adults. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (9), 634-652.
Schwarzer, R., & Born, A. (1997).Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3 (1-2), 177-190.
Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Winter, W., Fox, N., Zeanah, C., & Nelson, C. A. (2018). Early deprivation disruption of associative learning is a developmental pathway to depression and social problems. Nature Communications, 9 (1), 2216.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04381-8
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (2), 320-333.
Valikhani, A., Abbasi, Z., Radman, E., Goodarzi, M. A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2018). Insecure attachment and subclinical depression, anxiety, and stress: A three-dimensional model of personality self-regulation as a mediator. The Journal of Psychology, 152 (8), 548-572.
Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E., & Johnson, R. J. (2007). Childmulti-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31 (1), 71-84.
Wagner, B. M. (1997). Family risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121 (2), 246-298.
Weymouth, B. B., Buehler, C., Zhou, N., & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta-analysis of parent-adolescent conflict:Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 8 (1), 95-112.
Whittaker, A. E., & Robitschek, C. (2001). Multidimensional family functioning: Predicting personal growth initiative. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48 (4), 420-427.
Willner, C. J., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., & Bray, B. C. (2016). The dynamics of internalizing and externalizing comorbidity across the early school years. Development and Psychopathology, 28 (4pt1), 1033-1052.
Wu, Q., Chi, P., Lin, X., & Du, H. (2018). Child maltreatment and adult depressive symptoms:Roles of self-compassion and gratitude. Child Abuse and Neglect, 80, 62-69.
Yakunina, E. S., Weigold, I. K., & Weigold, A. (2013). Personal growth initiative: Relations with acculturative stress and international student adjustment. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2 (1), 62-71.
Yost-Dubrow, R., & Dunham, Y. (2017). Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude and prosocial behaviour. Cognition and Emotion, 32 (2), 397-403.
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55 (3-4), 610-617.
范航, 朱转, 苗灵童, 刘燊, 张林. (2018). 父母婚姻冲突对青少年抑郁情绪的影响: 一个有调节的中介模型. 心理发展与教育, 34 (4), 100-107.
方杰, 张敏强. (2012). 中介效应的的点估计和区间估计:乘积分布法、非参数Bootstrap和MCMC法. 心理学报, 44 (10), 1408-1420.
葛海艳, 刘爱书. (2018). 累积家庭风险指数与青少年自伤行为分析. 中国学校卫生, 39 (5), 64-67.
李董平, 周月月, 赵力燕, 王艳辉, 孙文强. (2016). 累积生态风险与青少年网络成瘾: 心理需要满足和积极结果预期的中介作用. 心理学报, 48 (12), 1519-1537.
黎志华, 尹霞云, 蔡太生, 朱翠英. (2014). 留守儿童情绪和行为问题特征的潜在类别分析:基于个体为中心的研究视角. 心理科学, 37 (2), 329-334.
孙灯勇, 王倩, 王梅, 满丛英. (2014). 个人成长主动性的概念、测量及影响. 心理科学进展, 22 (9), 1413-1422.
温忠麟, 叶宝娟. (2014). 中介效应分析: 方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 22 (5), 731-745.
王建平, 李董平, 张卫. (2010). 家庭经济困难与青少年社会适应的关系: 应对效能的补偿、中介和调节效应. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), (4), 22-32.
王江洋, 李昂扬, 聂家昕. (2020). 依恋与孤儿初中生心理健康的关系: 自我污名和心理韧性的并行中介作用. 心理发展与教育, 36 (2), 228-239.
王润程, 王孟成, 高一点, 蒋雅丽, 张小崔, 姚树桥. (2013). Achenbach青少年自评量表(2001年版)中文版的信度和效度. 中国临床心理学杂志, 21 (6), 977-980.
王艳辉, 李董平, 孙文强, 赵力燕, 赖雪芬, 周月月. (2017). 亲子依恋与初中生亲社会行为: 有调节的中介效应. 心理学报, 49 (5), 663-679.
魏昶, 吴慧婷, 孔祥娜, 王海涛. (2011). 感恩问卷GQ-6的修订及信效度检验. 中国学校卫生, 32 (10), 1201-1202.
喻承甫, 张卫, 曾毅茵, 叶婷, 胡谏萍, 李丹黎. (2012). 青少年感恩、基本心理需要与病理性网络使用的关系. 心理发展与教育, 28 (1), 83-90.
张阔, 张赛, 董颖红. (2010). 积极心理资本:测量及其与心理健康的关系. 心理与行为研究, 8 (1), 58-64.
张梦迪. (2013). 青少年心理处境现状及其与社会支持和社会适应的关系 (博士学位论文). 河南大学, 开封.
赵幸福, 张亚林, 李龙飞, 周云飞. (2005). 儿童期虐待问卷中文版的信度及效度评估. 中国临床康复, 9 (16), 209-211.
[1] WANG Yanhui, SHEN Zifeng, LAI Xuefen. The Relation between Parental Psychological Control and Adolescent Externalizing Problem Behavior: The Chain Mediating Role of Effortful Control and Deviant Peer Affiliation [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(2): 248-256.
[2] XIAO Jialin, LIANG Kaixin, HUANG Liuyue, WANG Enna, HUANG Qiaomin, HE Yunhan, LU Baolin, CHI Xinli. The Cumulative Effects, Relationship Model, and the Effects of Specific Positive Development Assets in Reducing Adolescent Depression [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(2): 257-269.
[3] YUAN Yuan, LIANG Zhoujian, ZHANG Li. Structural School Climate and Depression among Middle School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Support and Gender [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(6): 869-876.
[4] LIU Qing, FENG Lan. The Mediating Role of Parenting between Parents' Marital Quality and Adolescents' Sibling Relationship and Its Gender Difference [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(5): 654-662.
[5] ZHANG Wen, WANG Zhenhong. The Relationship between Negative Life Events and the Internalizing Problems among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Support and the Moderating Role of Parent-adolescent Cohesion [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(5): 718-725.
[6] HU Yihao, XU Luyan, BIAN Xiaohua, ZHOU Ying, LIU Junsheng. Peer Victimization and Depression among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Effects of Classroom Norm Salience for Aggression [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(4): 542-549.
[7] BAO Zhenzhou, CHU Yijia, WANG Fan, LIU Xixi. Adolescents' Outsider Behaviors in School Bullying: The Roles of School Climate, School Connectedness and Moral Disengagement [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(4): 580-589.
[8] ZHENG Xianliang, CHEN Huiping, WANG Xue, BAO Zhenzhou. Development Trends of Adolescents’ Internet Altruistic Behavior and the Influence of Social Class: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 333-341.
[9] ZHANG Pengcheng, LI Xi, HAN Wuyang, SHEN Yongjiang. The Effect of Lack of Sleep on Negative Emotion in Primary and Secondary School Students: A Chain Mediation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 402-409.
[10] FENG Quansheng, ZHOU Zongkui, SUN Xiaojun, ZHANG Yanhong, LIAN Shuailei. Negative Life Events and Internalizing Problem of Junior Middle School Students: Mediating of Rumination and Moderating of Peer Attachment [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 419-428.
[11] LI Jinwen, BAI Rong, WANG Yumeng, LIU Xia. The Relationship between Developmental Trajectories of Adolescents’ Depression and Self-injury: A Two-year Longitudinal Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 429-438.
[12] GAO Ling, MENG Wenhui, LIU Jiedi, YANG Jiping, WANG Xingchao. Parental Phubbing and Adolescent’s Cyberbullying Perpetration: The Roles of Self-esteem and Basic Empathy [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 439-448.
[13] PENG Haiyun, SHENG Liang, WANG Jinrui, ZHOU Ziyan, XIN Sufei. Changes of Adolescents’ Loneliness in China (2001~2019): The Perspective of Cross-temporal Meta-analysis [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(3): 449-456.
[14] LI Cirong, YANG Yanyu, LI Chunxuan. Interparental Conflict, Adolescents' Daily Self-efficacy and Daily Learning Engagement: The Mediating Roles of Daily Negative Emotion and Daily Rumination in the Moderating Effects of Interparental Conflict Influence [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(2): 236-246.
[15] LI Xingkai, WU Junsheng, YAO Xiaotong, LIU Yingshan, REN Jie, CHEN Suiqing. The Relationship between Autistic and Intellectual Disabled Children's Behavior Problems and Parental Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress and the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2023, 39(1): 77-84.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!