DRM范式中错误记忆的年龄差异及其机制

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究旨在考察老年人错误记忆现象及内在原因，并检验模糊痕迹理论对错误记忆年老化机制的解释。以经典DRM范式为研究起点，对三组被试（年轻人35名、低龄老人28名、高龄老人34名）的记忆成绩进行比较，利用联合再认范式及多项式树型建模的统计手段，分别从现象学和认知加工机制的角度检验错误记忆的年龄差异是否符合模糊痕迹理论的预期。结果发现:（1）正确记忆与错误记忆均存在显著的年龄差异，而这两种记忆在不同年龄阶段的老年人中呈现出不同的增龄效应模式：正确记忆随年龄的增长呈不断下降的趋势，而错误记忆水平呈现倒U型发展趋势，即低龄老年组的虚报率显著高于年轻组和高龄老年组；（2）虚报率的年龄差异主要集中在未学习过但与学习词列有强语义相关的刺激（类型记为R）反应上。对R型刺激的反应模式进行分析发现，低龄老年人相比年轻人成功提取字面痕迹的概率存在显著下降，而提取要点痕迹的概率保持相对稳定；高龄老年人成功提取要点痕迹的概率相比低龄老年人显著下降。本研究的结果支持了模糊痕迹理论对个体记忆一般年老化特点的预期及解释。

关键词: 年老化, 错误记忆, DRM范式, 模糊痕迹理论

Abstract: The present study aimed at validating the Fuzzy-Trace Theory (FTT) when predicating the performance and explaining the mechanisms of aging effects on false memory. Three age groups were enrolled including 35 young adults, 28 old adults, and 34 old-old adults. Based on DRM, a simplified conjoint recognition paradigm was used to detect false memory. The multinomial processing tree model (MPT) was adopted as the statistics techniques. The results showed that (1) The age-related differences in both true and false memory were found to be significant, but the aging effects showed inconsistent patterns. Specifically, the performance of true memory decreased with aging progressively, nonetheless, the performance of false memory was in a reverse U shape with old adults presented more false memory than the other two groups;(2) The age differences on responses to RELATED probes were significantly founded. Statistics with MPT showed that the probability of retrieving the target's verbatim trace declined in the old group; however, the probability of retrieving the target's gist trace declined significantly in the old-old group. The above findings evidently supported the viewpoints on the development of false memory and the mechanisms of aging effects which were proposed by FTT, within DRM paradigm.

Key words: aging, false memory, DRM paradigm, Fuzzy-Trace Theory

中图分类号:

B844.3

黄一帆, 王大华, 肖红蕊, 姜薇. DRM范式中错误记忆的年龄差异及其机制[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2014, 30(1): 24-30.

HUANG Yi-fan, WANG Da-hua, XIAO Hong-rui, JIANG Wei. Effects of Aging on False Memory within DRM Paradigm：A Study Based on Fuzzy-Trace Theory[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2014, 30(1): 24-30.

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