Psychological Development and Education ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5): 652-662.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2025.05.05

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Longitudinal Associations between Parental Emotional Dysregulation and Parental Emotion-related Socialization Behaviors: A Cross-lagged, Actor-partner Interdependence Model

LIU Chang1, JIANG Liuqing1, ZHENG Tianpeng1, BIAN Yufang1,2,3   

  1. 1. Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875;
    2. Child and Family Education Research Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875;
    3. Institute of Mental Health and Education at Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
  • Published:2025-09-15

Abstract: To investigate the longitudinal reciprocal associations between parental emotional dysregulation and parental emotion-related socialization behaviors (ERSBs), a sample of 1542 parents of fourth-grade children were recruited, and followed annually from 2018 to 2020.A cross-lagged, actor-partner interdependence model was applied for the data analysis. Results showed that: (1) Parental emotional dysregulation had both negative and positive bidirectional associations with supportive and non-supportive ERSBs, respectively; (2) Both paternal and maternal emotional dysregulation significantly predicted their own ERSBs in subsequent time waves, while parental ERSBs could also significantly predict their own emotional dysregulation in subsequent time waves; (3) Both paternal and maternal emotional dysregulation significantly and positively predicted their partner’s non-supportive ERSBs in subsequent time waves.

Key words: parental emotional dysregulation, parental emotion-related socialization behaviors, cross-lagged model, actor-partner interdependence model, parents of primary school children

CLC Number: 

  • B844
Are, F., & Shaffer, A. (2016). Family emotion expressiveness mediates the relations between maternal emotion regulation and child emotion regulation.Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(5), 708-715.
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model.Child Development, 55(1), 83-96.
Breaux,R.P., Harvey, E. A., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2016). The Role of Parent Psychopathology in Emotion Socialization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 731-743.
Byrd, A. L., Vine, V., Frigoletto, O. A., Vanwoerden, S., & Stepp, S. D. (2021). A multi-method investigation of parental responses to youth emotion: Prospective effects on emotion dysregulation and reactive aggression in daily life.Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(2), 117-131.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance.Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997). Families as systems.Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 243-267.
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 193-196.
Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Riley, A. W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework.Developmental Review, 36, 105-126.
Cui, L., Zhang, X., & Han, Z. R. (2021). Perceived Child Difficultness, Emotion Dysregulation, and Emotion-Related Parenting among Chinese Parents.Family Process, 60(4), 1403-1417.
Dawe,S., Harnett, P., Gullo, M. J., Eggins, E., & Barlow, J. (2021). Moderators and mediators of outcomes of parents with substance use problems: Further evaluation of the Parents under pressure programme. Addiction, 116(11), 3206-3218.
Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes.Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 3-25.
Doty, J. L., Davis, L., & Arditti, J. A. (2017). Cascading resilience: Leverage points in promoting parent and child well-being. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(1), 111-126.
Eisenberg, N. (2020). Findings, issues, and new directions for research on emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 664-670.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion.Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 495-525.
Erel,O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of Marital Relations and Parent-Child Relations: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 108-132.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990).Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) [Database record]. APA PsycTests.
Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping withchildren's negative emotions scale (ccnes): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 285-310.
Feeney, J. A. (1999). Adult attachment, emotional control, and marital satisfaction.Personal Relationships, 6(2), 169-185.
Gonzalez,S., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2023). Psychosocial resources predicting maternal and paternal positive parenting and lower child abuse risk. Prevention Science, 24(1), 186-197.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective.Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401.
Han, Z. R., Qian, J., Gao, M., & Dong, J. (2015). Emotion socialization mechanisms linkingChinese fathers', mothers', and children's emotion regulation: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 24(12), 3570-3579.
Highlander, A., Zachary, C., Jenkins, K., Loiselle, R., McCall, M., Youngstrom, J., … Jones, D. J. (2022). Clinical presentation and treatment of early-onset behavior disorders: The role of parent emotion regulation, emotion socialization, and family income.Behavior Modification, 46(5), 1047-1074.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Kwon, K., Willenbrink, J. B., Bliske, M. N., & Brinckman, B. G. (2022). Emotion sharing in preadolescent children: Divergence from friendships and relation to prosocial behavior in the peer group.The Journal of Early Adolescence, 42(1), 89-114.
Li, D., Li, D., Wu, N., & Wang, Z. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation through parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Tests of unique, actor, partner, and mediating effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 113-122.
McKee, L. G., DiMarzio, K., Parent, J., Dale, C., Acosta, J., & O’Leary, J. (2022). Profiles of emotion socialization across development and longitudinal associations with youth psychopathology.Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(2), 193-210.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation.Social Development, 16(2), 361-388.
Morelen, D., Shaffer, A., & Suveg, C. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation: Links to emotion parenting and child emotion regulation.Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1891-1916.
Ogbaselase, F. A., Mancini, K. J., & Luebbe, A. M. (2022). Indirect effect of family climate on adolescent depression through emotion regulatory processes. Emotion, 22(5), 1017-1029.
Price, N. N., & Kiel, E. J. (2022). Longitudinal links among mother and child emotion regulation, maternal emotion socialization, and child anxiety.Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(2), 241-254.
Rajappa, K., Gallagher, M., & Miranda, R. (2012). Emotion dysregulation and vulnerability to suicidalideation and attempts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 833-839.
Ropi, S., Kolaitis, G., Zaravinos-Tsakos, F., Androutsos, C., Dafoulis, V., Belivanaki, M., … Christogiorgos, S. (2021). Family functioning, expressed emotion and quality of life in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia spectrum and affective psychotic disorders. Adolescent Psychiatry, 11(1), 35-51.
Seddon, J. A., Abdel-Baki, R., Feige, S., & Thomassin, K. (2020). The cascade effect of parent dysfunction: An emotion socialization transmission framework.Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 579519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579519
Sim, L., Adrian, M., Zeman, J., Cassano, M., & Friedrich, W. N. (2009). Adolescent deliberate self-harm: Linkages to emotion regulation and family emotional climate.Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(1), 75-91.
Taraban, L., & Shaw, D. S. (2018). Parenting in context: Revisiting Belsky’s classic process of parenting model in early childhood.Developmental Review, 48, 55-81.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25-52.
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-18) in five samples.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 582-589.
Wong, M. S., Mcelwain, N. L., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2009). Parent, family, and child characteristics: Associations with mother- and father reported emotion socialization practices. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 452-463.
Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Piehler, T. F., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2023). Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Military Fathers Magnify Their Benefit from a Parenting Program. Prevention Science, 24(2), 237-248.
何娟, 范雄智, 郝春. (2018). 成对数据的主客体互依模型在MPLUS 中的实现. 现代预防医学, 45(3), 390-400.
蒋柳青. (2023). 父母情绪社会化行为的特点及其对青少年早期情绪适应的影响机制 (博士学位论文). 北京师范大学.
李晓巍, 杨青青, 邹泓. (2017). 父母对幼儿消极情绪的反应方式与幼儿情绪调节能力的关系. 心理发展与教育, 33(4), 385-393.
梁宗保, 严嘉新, 张光珍. (2020). 父母元情绪理念与儿童社会适应:父母情绪反应的中介作用. 心理科学, 43(3), 608-614.
梁宗保, 张光珍, 陈会昌, 张萍. (2012). 父母元情绪理念, 情绪表达与儿童社会能力的关系. 心理学报, 44(2), 199-210.
周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-942.
[1] MA Min, LEI Yuan, ZHANG Li. Bidirectional Relationships between Teacher-student Relationships and Children’s Math Anxiety: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(3): 377-385.
[2] XIA Yanyu, LI Dan, MA Yange, HAN Xianguo, LI Zhengyun. Marital Conflict, Anxiety and Parenting Styles of High School Parents: Actor-partner Interdependence Moderation Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2024, 40(3): 335-345.
[3] ZHANG Yunyun, HUANG Meiwei, REN Ping, ZHANG Ruiping. Does My Friend's Academic Achievement Affect Mine? The Influence Effect in Friend Dyads and the Mediation Effect of Achievement Goal Orientation [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2020, 36(1): 54-66.
[4] LAI Xiaolu, JIANG Yongqiang, LIU Xuelan, LI Li, ZHANG Xiaoying, ZHANG Caixia. Parental Adult Attachment, Compassion, and Parent-child Relationship Quality: Actor-partner Interdependence Modeling [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2019, 35(4): 411-420.
[5] ZHANG Jinfeng, WANG Yan. The Effects of Tenacious Goal Pursuit and Flexible Goal Adjustment on Well-being among Elderly Couples: Based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2018, 34(6): 750-757.
[6] LIU Chang, WU Xinchun. Dyadic Patterns in the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and its Testing [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2017, 33(1): 105-112.
[7] LIU Chang, WU Xinchun, ZOU Shengqi. Effect of Marital Satisfaction and its Similarity on Coparenting in Family with Adolescence [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2016, 32(1): 49-55.
[8] ZHANG Jin-tao, FANG Xiao-yi, DAI Li-qiong. The Study of Relationship Between Communication Patterns and Marital Quality [J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2009, 25(2): 109-115.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!