Psychological Development and Education ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 85-97.doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2026.01.09

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The Relationship between Psychological Adaptation and Internal and External Aggression among Adolescents: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study and a Weekly Diary Method

XIANG Yanhui1,2,3, MA Liping3, HU Yunqi3, LI Xiaojun4   

  1. 1. Chinese Ethical Civilization Research Center, Key Research Base of the Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081;
    2. Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Human Province, Changsha 410081;
    3. Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081;
    4. Tao Xingzhi Research Institute, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 210038
  • Published:2026-01-19

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Abstract: Internal aggression hurts oneself and external aggression hurts others. Adolescence is an important stage in the development of two types of aggressive behaviors. How to effectively curb adolescents’ internal and external aggression has been the focus of social concern. In this study, by using both longitudinal and weekly diary methods, we investigated the association between psychological adaptation and internal and external aggression among adolescents at both trait and state levels. Two waves of surveys were conducted on 415 adolescents at 6-month intervals to examine the associations between psychological adaptation and internal and external aggression at the trait level. The results of Cross-lagged analysis showed that: (1) Trait self-esteem, trait loneliness, and trait depression at time 1 predicted internal aggression at time 2; (2) Trait loneliness and trait depression at time 1 predicted post-test external aggression at time 2. To shed more light on the research questions, we conducted a 7-week weekly diary study on 117 adolescents, aiming to reveal the dynamic associations between psychological adaptation and internal and external aggression among adolescents at the state level. The results of the weekly method found that state loneliness, state depression, and internal/external aggression are all bidirectionally correlated. It can be seen that at the trait level, maladaptive trait psychological adaptation is the cause, and internal/external aggression is the effect. At the state level, feelings of loneliness and depression, as well as internal/external aggression, exhibit a cyclical interaction. As such, these conclusions reveals the dynamic association between every factor of trait/state psychological adaptation and internal and external aggression, and proposes a trait-state model of how psychological adaptation affecting internal and external aggression, which provides a theoretical and empirical foundation for intervening in internal and external aggression on adolescents at the level of psychological adaptation.

Key words: self-esteem, loneliness, depression, psychological adaptation, internal aggression, external aggression, adolescent

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