同化或对比？老化刻板印象对中年人主观记忆的影响

doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2025.06.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于选择性通达模型,采用实验法和组间设计,用文字向四组中年被试随机呈现不同强度(适中/极端)和效价(积极/消极)的老化刻板印象信息,考察被试的主观记忆是否受到影响。实验一直接呈现老化刻板印象信息并检验主观记忆差异,发现所有实验组均倾向于做相似性比较,但主观记忆均好于对照组。可能原因在于,中年人接受老化刻板印象信息时,其相对老年人的外群体年龄身份凸显,进而出现对比效应。实验二改进了流程,首先要求被试想象老年时的自己,以此减弱外群体年龄身份,然后向他们呈现老化刻板印象信息。结果发现,中年人主观记忆受到刻板印象强度的影响:当被试报告自己与极端刻板印象越相似,其主观记忆与刻板印象内容越一致;而适中强度则无此影响。研究表明,选择性通达模型在一定程度上可以迁移至老化刻板印象的机制研究,未来可进一步探究老化刻板印象对中年人的影响。

关键词: 老化刻板印象, 中年, 主观记忆, 同化效应, 对比效应

Abstract: The present research examined age stereotypes’ effects on middle-aged adults’ subjective memory through the mechanism of selective accessibility model (SAM). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups or a control group, and age stereotypes were manipulated by reading a passage with different intensity (extreme/moderate) and valence (positive/negative). Experiment 1 directly presented age stereotypes to the participants and subsequently examined their subjective memory. Participants in the experimental groups tended to choose similarity focus and report better subjective memory than the control group. It’s likely that middle-aged adults’ out-group age identity shadowed the intended phenomena. To reduce such influence, experiment 2 asked participants to imagine themselves being old before presenting the age stereotypes. Influences of age stereotypes on subjective memory were found to differ across intensity, in that when participants reported higher resemblance with extreme age stereotypes, their subjective memory would correspond with the stereotypes more; however, we did not find such effects in moderate age stereotypes. The present findings indicate that selective accessibility model could partly explain the mechanisms of age stereotypes, and that future research could investigate how age stereotypes would influence other aspects of middle-aged adults’ life.

Key words: age stereotypes, middle-aged, subjective memory, assimilation effect, contrast effect

中图分类号:

B844

张汝卓, 王大华. 同化或对比？老化刻板印象对中年人主观记忆的影响[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(6): 817-829.

ZHANG Ruzhuo, WANG Dahua. Assimilation or Contrast? Effects of Age Stereotypes on Middle-aged Adults’ Subjective Memory[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2025, 41(6): 817-829.

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